A patient has a diagnosis of a brainstem lesion that affects the reticulospinal tract. What clinical presentation will disruption to this tract result in?

A physical therapist assesses a patient’s upper extremity deep tendon reflexes. What location is MOST appropriate to elicit the brachioradialis reflex?

What pulmonary condition has decreased residual volume compared to healthy individuals?

A patient has been complaining of double vision. When looking straight ahead, the patient’s left eye is adducted compared to the right. During cranial nerve assessment of the extraocular muscles, the patient is unable to follow the examiner’s finger laterally to the left side with their left eye, but is able to follow the finger laterally to the right side. What cranial nerve is damaged?

A patient sustained a cervical spinal cord injury in a skiing accident. They present with loss of voluntary movement in bilateral upper and lower extremities and the trunk below the level of injury. They have absent pain and temperature sensation in all extremities and the trunk. However, proprioception, light touch and vibration sense are intact throughout their body.  What type of spinal cord injury is this presentation consistent with?

A patient has been diagnosed with lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg’s syndrome) and demonstrates clinical signs of brainstem damage and cerebellar damage including ataxia. What artery is most likely affected?

A physical therapist assesses the integrity of the anterolateral pathway / spinothalamic tract. What testing procedure should be used?

Where does the electrical signal originate in a healthy heart?

What part of the brain is associated with flashbacks, or reliving of previous traumatic memories?

Which of the following actions results from parasympathetic nervous system influence?