In most Western democracies the death penalty has been:​

​The central problem with the mental health model of criminality is that we:

According to Sykes, the greater the degree of solidarity among inmates within the inmate social system, the:​

Disparity of income by racial groups is no longer a basic characteristic of U.S. society.​

​By far the most successful alternative approach to bail is being released on one’s own recognizance.

​Almost 60 percent of America’s jails               prisoners for at least some of the medical care they receive.

Female correctional officers only work with female inmates.​

Inmates who are “doing time” see prison as a long-term stay and continue their criminality while incarcerated.​

​The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis on:

​In a typical group of 30 or so young adults, it is likely that    has been locked up.