Which of the following is true of unconditioned reinforcers?

Adam likes to drive his MG sports car.  He sometimes goes a little over the speed limit when driving on the highway.  All of the following are stimuli in Adam’s environment except which of the following?

Manny the behavior analyst teaches his daughter to only ask for cookies when he is holding the cookie jar, and to never ask when he is holding anything else. This is an example of

Byron takes one of his classmate’s notebooks and rips it. Principal Skinner takes Byron’s skateboard and confiscates it. The same sequence of events happens the next day. Byron’s frequency of ripping notebooks decreases over the next few days. This is an example of:

Michael bites his wrist at a very high rate causing significant tissue damage.  Using various assessment techniques his behavior analyst concludes that Michael bites himself at the highest rate whenever he is alone and that he likes the way it feels.  Michael’s biting his wrist behavior is most likely maintained by:

Of the following, which one exemplifies the only true way to be certain that an item functions as a conditioned positive reinforcer?

Ida used to get a little piece of brownie every time she asked, but now she never gets a little piece of brownie when she asks. This is an example of:

What is the antecedent stimulus that evokes copying a text?

Which one of the following statements is not true of a topographical response class?

Which of the following is true about shaping?