A researcher is testing a new drug developed to treat diabetes. Participants are randomly assigned to a treatment and control group. Unfortunately, due to some severe side effects, a group of participants asks and are granted permission to be moved to the control conditions.  This results in a Type I error as the drug appears to be more effective than it really is; the only participants taking the drug are the ones benefitting the most.  To avoid a possible Type I error, the researchers could use which of the following designs:

Based on scenario 3, what is the PMR for Influenza and Pneumonia?

Scenario 1: Two lab techs (Rigby and Mordecai) working for Dr. Rodriguez are assessing the interobserver reliability of the new R-test for disease D. They each screened test results from the same 426 participants. Rigby identified 36 positives. Mordecai identified 44 positives. They agreed on 26 positives.

Scenario 2 (Extra Credit): An experimental Prostate Specific Exam (PSE) for prostate cancer has a false positive rate of 25%. The prevalence of prostate cancer is 42%. In a sample of 10,000 men, there were 5,500 positive test results. 

True or false? Cross-sectional surveys can be used to measure the prevalence of a health-related state or event.

Based on scenario 1, what was the incidence rate of active cases of disease D for the six-month period, per 100,000 population?

Six hundred students dined at the Tree Trunk Cafeteria Friday afternoon. Of the 600, 235 ate Meatloaf Surprise for lunch. Of those 235, 126 came down with gastroenteritis within 12 hours of eating Meatloaf Surprise, placing a great strain on the university’s septic system. What is the attack rate for gastroenteritis amongst those eating Meatloaf Surprise

Using the data in Table 2, calculate the crude mortality rates for Communities A [mortality1] and B [mortality2], per 10,000 population members.

3.2 This person’s job was considered one of the most important in Ancient Egypt? Could anyone do this job?  Give two reasons to support your answer.   Remember to include the following in your answer: 1. What were the two things they did? 2. Was it an easy task?  Give two reasons to support your answer. (3)

Calculate the years of potential life lost (YPLL) to HIV based on a life expectancy of 75 years, filling in the empty cells of the Table below. Age Group (years) Deaths Age Midpoint Years to 75 YPLL 0–4 18       5–10 32       15–24 185       25–34 1,829       35–44 5,714       45–54 4,480       55–64 1,354       65-75 516       Total