Review the diagram below and then answer ALL of the questions that follow.  LABEL your answers with the letter of the question.   a) Based on the graph, which antibiotic would you prescribe to patients for the treatment of ulcers?  Justify your response using the data provided in the graph. b) If the standard error bar of Test Group 1 extended upward and overlapped with Test Group 2’s error bar, would it change your answer to a?  Why or why not? c) What is a placebo and why do scientists use them in these types of studies? Remember, answer in complete sentences and label your answers with a, b, c, for clarity.

Describe the effect of hydrolysis on a polypeptide/protein.  What would you end up with?

If a pharmaceutical company is testing a new antihistamine drug, what would the dependent variable in the their study be?

Study the diagram and then answer the following question.   

  What molecule will be released from the synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft in response to calcium entering the neuron?

Select the best definition, examples, or explanation for each term.

What type of bond is depicted in the image?  

Based on the diagram, will water move outside the cell or inside the cell?  

Identify the structure labeled A.  

Scientists want to determine if using particular types of mouthwash might serve to prevent or reduce transmission of COVID-19.  There are different types of mouthwash on the market which contain different active ingredients including: alcohol, povidone-iodine, cetylpyridinium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorhexidrine. Scientists studied these in vitro (in the lab using a petri dish) and in vivo (in a person’s mouth).  In the lab (Experiment 1), scientists mixed mouthwash with COVID viral particles as counted the number of viral particles destroyed or degraded. All of the mouthwashes demonstrated some virucidal activity in the lab, likely by disrupting the viral envelope.  Scientists then examined (Experiment 2) the effect of the mouthwashes on the viral load (number of viral particles) in the mouth and throat of subjects. The mouthwashes containing povidone-iodine or cetylpyridinium chloride demonstrated reduced viral load in the mouth/throat after use.  Larger studies are needed, but these early results suggest that the use of mouthwashes with certain active ingredients might be effective at reducing transmission of the virus by reducing the amount of virus in the mouth that could be shared via droplets or aerosolized during breathing/speaking. Identify the dependent variable for Experiment 2.