When a researcher is in theory-testing mode, __________ is/are a high priority.

RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one’s score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Dr. Dormeur was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study. Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following?

Individual differences are something that we want to minimize in ______

Which is NOT a potential internal validity threat in any study?

Which of the following is the correct factorial notation for the study below?  

In the study below investigating the correlation between age and spatial ability, why did participants’ spatial ability start to increase from age 75? What kind of validity is threatened in this age range?  

Which of the following best explains why cross-lag correlations are effective in helping researchers establish temporal precedence between two variables over time, despite their limitations in proving causality?

If I’m interested in studying the relationship between music and memory and I hypothesize that music improves memory by reactivating and coordinating different areas of the brain, then I will need to do a _____ analysis

Why is criterion validity considered one of the most crucial components of construct validity?

Dr. Gahan decides to create a questionnaire asking about people’s attitudes toward immigration (a socially sensitive topic). He should be most concerned about which of the following?