Which of the following is TRUE regarding the neural control of balance and walking in older adults that can be gleaned from functional neuroimaging studies?

Neural crest cells give rise to

You are reading the radiologist report of an MRI with contrast of your 34yo female patient who has multiple sclerosis (MS). The report indicates the presence of contrast agent in the periventricular space. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be present in your patient?

Clinical case (next two questions): A 44-year-old man reports to physical therapy with a recent onset of lower extremity pain and weakness in bilateral lower extremities that has been escalating over the past three days. He describes a tingling sensation in his feet and ankles and has noticed difficulty maintaining his balance, often stumbling while walking. Upon reviewing his medical history, the patient mentions a recent upper respiratory infection that he experienced about 10 days ago, with symptoms including a sore throat and mild fever, which resolved on its own without medical intervention. During the physical examination, there is notable weakness of dorsi- and plantarflexion and diminished sensation in his distal lower extremities. Deep tendon reflexes cannot be elicited despite repeated attempts.   Which neuropathology MOST likely explains this patient’s diagnostic findings?    

Reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs through:  

The Steward family has just welcomed a new baby into the house, but their 5-year-old is displaying some difficulty adapting to the new baby. Which theory below best applies to this situation?

If Samantha’s physical therapist forgets to praise her after she performs her quad sets at her next treatment session, what is the MOST likely effect on Samantha’s dopamine neurons? 

What acute pathogenic mechanism is MOST likely contributing to this patient’s symptoms? 

Johnson, a 55-year-old male, is status post ischemic LEFT hemisphere MCA stroke two weeks ago, resulting in weakness and severely impaired motor function in his right upper limb (SAFE score = 2). He has been undergoing rehabilitation, including physical therapy, to regain function in his affected arm and hand. The healthcare team decides to use Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to assess the integrity of the corticospinal pathway and predict Mr. Johnson’s potential for motor recovery of his affected upper limb.   During the TMS assessment, the presence of a motor evoked potential (positive MEP) is detected in his right (affected) upper limb. What does this indicate for his motor recovery potential?

Which glial cell type plays a pivotal role in the brain’s immune response and synapse “pruning” during neurodevelopment?