In what process is pyruvate reduced by NADH to form various products depending on the organism?  

What would be the result of a point mutation in a protein-coding gene? 

Name a specific structure recognized by Toll like receptors.  

 Contrast Gram positive and Gram negative cells. What parts of the cell wall are different? 

 Name any propagated epidemic. If it is not something that everyone is aware of describe why it is a propagated epidemic. 

In a chemical reaction, which parameter is affected by the presence of an enzyme?  

In a DNA double helix where are the phosphates?  

 We have stated that the number of deaths from infectious disease decreased in the period leading up to 1980. Name a major factor in that decrease during that time period (before 1980). 

What is herd immunity? 

DNA replication in prokaryotes is characterized by starting at ____________.