Yersinia pestis produces a chemical that binds strongly to host nutrients, notably iron (Fe), thus making the chemical a potent ___.

Why does interferon cause significant harmful side effects when used in large amounts as an antiviral medication?

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with regards to parasitic worms?

Which of the following involves pathogen entry by the parenteral route?

Which of the following encodes proteins that turn on cell division during the cell cycle?

What type of eukaryotic viral infection involves slow, gradual accumulation of viruses in the host which sometimes transitions into a sudden increase in virus production later? (Note: At least some viruses are always present and detectable in the host with this type of infection, even if signs and symptoms are absent.)

Which of the following is a fomite?

Monoclonal antibodies may be useful someday for developing antibody-based quick identification tests for the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Monoclonal antibodies are made by fusing an antibody-producing cell with a _____.

CASE 5:  A 7-year-old boy is taken to the emergency room by his mother after she finds him unresponsive in his bed. She states that her son was sent home from school 3 days earlier after showing flu-like symptoms. He awoke the next morning with body aches, a cough, a sore throat, and a runny nose. After 2 days of taking over-the-counter children’s cold medicine, he had not improved. Upon arriving at the hospital, he is dehydrated, pale, and shaky. The physician notes that he is wheezing and has slight difficulty breathing. A chest X-ray indicates pneumonia of the right lung, which is subsequently determined to be viral. The physician prescribes Tamiflu to help the patient. Tamiflu is a neuramindase inhibitor and helps the body by ____.

CASE 1:  A 40-year-old hospital patient begins complaining of painful urination. She had been admitted to the hospital three days prior for a surgical procedure that required the use of a catheter. A urine specimen is collected and analyzed. Pink cells in the Gram stain suggest that the pathogen is E. coli. Blood tests suggest that the patient has elevated levels of activated complement proteins. Given the diagnosis, what may be causing the complement activation?