True or False? The type of hypertension which has no clear cause other than being hereditary is primary (essential) hypertension and accounts for about 90-95% of cases. Whereas, the type of hypertension that is due to an underlying pathology is called secondary hypertension and accounts for the other 5-10% of cases.

Coronary heart disease, AKA coronary artery disease, accounts for the majority of cardiovascular disease related deaths and is the single largest killer of Americans, both men and women. The underlying cause is thought to be atherosclerosis, which can develop as a result of chronic hypertension. Atherosclerosis has been shown to be an inflammatory process associated with:

Pulmonary fibrosis results in (low/high) compliance and (low/high) elastance.

On an ECG (clinically referred to using the German abbreviation EKG since when spoken ECG sound like EEG), the QRS complex is the largest wave and is indicative of atrial repolarization.

For the following, use your knowledge of the protein-ligand interaction and the renal threshold/transport maximum: Why is there glucose in the urine (glucosuria, AKA glycosuria) of untreated diabetes mellitus patients with respect to what we know about the renal handling of glucose?  

A high school biology teacher comes to you with high blood pressure. Tests show that she also has increased levels of renin in her blood and atherosclerotic plaques that have nearly blocked/occluded blood flow through her renal arteries. She does not understand. It would be clinically accurate to explain to her that the (decreased or increased?) blood flow in her renal arteries could have caused an excessive increase in renin secretion via activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathway, and that the resulting chronically (decreased or increased?) blood pressure has likely led to the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque, given it is such a great risk factor.

True or False? The buffy coat of the “cellular” component, AKA formed elements, of whole blood includes just the thrombocytes and leukocytes (hint: collectively make up less than 1%).

You go to do a standard median cubital (MC) venipuncture blood draw and accidentally stabbed the patient’s high pressure radial artery, and now blood is leaking out of the resultant arterial hole rapidly and blood volume is dropping. The patient is now hypotensive. The baroreceptor-mediated reflexive response here will include: 

A dislodged blood clot that traveled in circulation and obstructed a vessel is a clinical condition called a thromboembolism.

True or False? Histotoxic hypoxia is typically caused by heart failure or shock or thromboembolism; whereas ischemic hypoxia is typically caused by cyanide and other metabolic poisons.