A startup needs authentication, payment processing, mapping, messaging, and a recommendation engine. Which architecture decision best reflects service-oriented design?

An AI hiring system ranks applicants without explicitly rejecting anyone, but recruiters adopt a workflow rule of only reviewing the top 10 percent of candidates. Which risk remains?

Which situation is most directly addressed by supply chain management rather than ERP alone?

A company has written privacy policies and requires employees to complete annual training. An audit finds that customer-data access is not logged and the company cannot demonstrate who viewed sensitive records. What is the most accurate diagnosis?

A pharmaceutical company posts a clearly defined data-analysis problem to thousands of external solvers. The winning method is technically strong, but the firm cannot implement it because internal managers do not understand the method or how it fits existing operations. What is the best diagnosis?

An employee receives a text message that appears to come from the company’s IT department. The message says the employee’s account will be suspended unless they immediately verify their password through a link. Which description is most accurate?

A retailer stores customer names, orders, products, and sales representatives in one large spreadsheet. Customer contact information is repeated on every order row. Which database-design problem is most likely?

An ER diagram indicates that a sales representative may be associated with zero, one, or many customers, while every customer must be associated with exactly one sales representative. Which business situation is permitted?

A ride-sharing platform enters a new city. Few riders join because wait times are long, and few drivers join because there are not enough ride requests. Which problem is the platform facing?

A company spends most of its cybersecurity budget on firewalls and employee training. It has weak monitoring, no tested incident-response plan, and backups that have never been restored. Which diagnosis is most accurate?