Table 1.2 — The Ideal Gas Constant, R, in Various Units The Ideal Gas Constant, R, in Various Units R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 R = 8.314 Pa m3 K-1 mol-1 R = 8.314 × 10-2 L bar K-1 mol-1 R = 8.206 × 10-2 L atm K-1 mol-1 R = 62.36 L Torr K-1 mol-1

Exam 1 Reference Materials

According to Newton’s third law, when two bodies collide,

Gravitational potential energy is the energy

What is the torque if a 50 N force is applied 2 m from the axis of rotation?

The horizontal velocity of Serena’s tennis serve is measured as 112 mi/h (50 m/s). Horizontally, the ball travels 82 ft (25 m) before reaching Venus (Serena’s opponent). If the ball didn’t slow down when it bounced or because of air resistance, how long would it take to reach Venus?

For any given muscle, the moment arm is largest when the angle of muscle pull on the bone is closest to

The capacity for doing work that a body possesses because of its position or configuration is known as

There were few women scientists during the Scientific Revolution because male-dominated schools did not permit women students and scientific societies barred them from membership.  Many women made contributions, but due to the rigid gender lines of the time, they were often not recognized for their achievements.  Here are a few prominent female scientists: French mathematician Émilie du Châtelet is recognized for translating Isaac Newton’s work from Latin to French.  Provided with a relatively good education for the time, she studied Latin, Italian, and English.  German astronomer Maria Winkelmann worked alongside her husband, and helped to develop astronomical calendars. In 1702, she became the first woman to discover a comet. Maria Sibylla Merian made her name in the field of natural history, particularly as an illustrator.  She conducted scientific expeditions and illustrated the life cycles of insects and plants. Sophia Brahe, a Danish astronomer and scientist, worked alongside her brother in studying lunar eclipses.  Her work helped scientists better understand how planets moved around the sun. Margaret Cavendish was involved in the Scientific Revolution in Britain.  Cavendish used her social rank to attend a meeting of the Royal Society in London in 1667, the first woman to do so and the only one until 1945. A significant number of women also worked as technicians, artists, illustrators, teachers, patent clerks, and botanic researchers during the Scientific Revolution.  QUESTIONS:  1. What challenges did women scientists face in the 16th and 17th centuries? 2. What were some of the strategies they used to overcome these challenges?   Your answer must be in your own words- do not use direct quotes.  Your answer must be a minimum of 75 words.  

For each description on the left, select the best answer on the right. Check your work before submitting – each answer should be used only once.