Chapter 4: Key-Term ReferenceAccent — A way of pronouncing words that differs from how other people pronounce them.Affiliative language — Language that communicates connection or solidarity with others.Ally — A person from one social group who actively advocates for fair treatment and social justice for another group.Assertive language — Clear and direct language that expresses a person’s thoughts, needs, or position.Code-switching — Alternating between different accents, dialects, languages, or ways of speaking depending on the situation.Collaborative language — Language that encourages people to think together without treating one person’s opinion as dominant.Confirmation bias — The tendency to notice or accept information that supports what we already believe while discounting information that challenges it.Connotative meanings — The thoughts, feelings, and associations connected with a word beyond its formal definition.Convergence — Adapting your language to become more similar to another person’s way of speaking.Denotative meanings — Formally recognized or dictionary definitions of words.Dialect — A version of a language with distinctive words, meanings, pronunciation, or sentence structures.Divergence — Using language in ways that emphasize differences between yourself and others.Emotive language — Language designed to produce or express strong emotional reactions.Equivocal words — Words that have more than one commonly accepted meaning.Equivocation — Deliberately using vague or ambiguous language that can be interpreted in more than one way.Euphemism — A more pleasant or indirect term substituted for one that may seem blunt or uncomfortable.Factual statement — A statement that can be verified as true or false.Fallacy of ad hominem — Attacking a person rather than addressing the person’s argument or ideas.Implicit bias — Prejudices or stereotypes that can influence our thinking and behavior without conscious awareness.Inferential statement — A conclusion or interpretation based on observed information rather than a directly verifiable fact.Jargon — Specialized vocabulary used by members of a particular profession, activity, or group.Language — A collection of symbols governed by rules and used to create meaning.Linguistic relativism — The view that language influences how people experience and perceive the world.Microaggressive language — Subtle everyday messages that communicate stereotypes or prejudice, intentionally or unintentionally.Microresistance — Everyday behavior that calls attention to hurtful language or stereotypes and helps create more inclusive communication.Opinion statement — A statement based on a person’s beliefs or judgments rather than something that can be objectively verified.Relative words — Words whose meanings depend on comparison, such as large, fast, or expensive.Slang — Informal language used by members of a particular culture or social group.Symbols — Things that represent thoughts or ideas, often through words, signs, or gestures.Language RulesSemantic rules — Govern the meaning of specific words.Phonological rules — Govern how words are pronounced.Syntactic rules — Govern how words are arranged and structured.Pragmatic rules — Govern how language is interpreted and used appropriately in a particular situation.

During a virtual class, Samantha listens to the professor while scrolling Instagram and texting a friend. She still participates when called on, but afterward remembers the main idea and very few details.What does this situation demonstrate about listening?

Chapter 3: Key-Term ReferenceCoculture — A group whose members share characteristics, experiences, or patterns of communication while also belonging to a larger culture.Collectivistic culture — A culture that emphasizes group membership, harmony, and the needs or goals of the group.Cultural humility — An ongoing willingness to learn about others, examine your own assumptions, and remain open, respectful, and adaptable.Culture — The language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn.Ethnicity — Identification with a social group based on factors such as nationality, culture, religion, or another shared perspective.Ethnocentrism — The belief or attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others.Gender — A socially constructed set of expectations about what it means to be masculine, feminine, or otherwise gendered.High-context culture — A culture in which people rely heavily on context, relationships, shared understanding, and nonverbal cues to interpret messages.Imaginary audience — The belief, especially common during adolescence, that other people are constantly observing and judging you.Individualistic culture — A culture that emphasizes individuality, independence, personal goals, and individual expression.In-group — A group with which a person identifies and feels a sense of belonging.Intercultural communication competence — The ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with people from different cultural backgrounds.Intersectionality theory — The idea that people’s multiple identities overlap and interact to shape their experiences.Low-context culture — A culture in which people rely more heavily on explicit, direct verbal messages to communicate meaning.Out-group — A group a person views as different from or outside their own group.Personal fable — The belief, especially common during adolescence, that one’s experiences are unique and others cannot fully understand them.Power distance — The perceived gap between people with substantial power and those with less.Prejudice — An unfair attitude toward others based on their membership in a group.Race — A socially constructed category historically based largely on perceived physical characteristics.Salience — The degree to which a particular identity or cultural difference stands out or seems important in a particular situation.Sex — A biological category involving physical characteristics.Social media snarks — People who post insulting or sarcastic comments about others online.Social media trolls — People who deliberately post provocative material online to upset others or create conflict.Stereotyping — Making exaggerated generalizations about members of a group.Uncertainty avoidance — The degree to which members of a culture feel threatened or uncomfortable with unclear, ambiguous, or unpredictable situations.Unfair discrimination — Denying people opportunities or equal treatment based on prejudice, stereotypes, or group membership.Personality and CommunicationWe also examined how personality can interact with culture and context to influence communication.Openness — Curious and exploratory ↔ practical and drawn to the familiar.Conscientiousness — Structured and deliberate ↔ flexible and spontaneous.Extraversion — Talkative and outwardly expressive ↔ reflective and reserved.Agreeableness — Harmony-oriented and cooperative ↔ more challenging or skeptical.Emotional Reactivity — More sensitive and reactive ↔ more steady and resilient.

Chapter 2: Key-Term ReferenceAttribution — The process of attaching meaning or an explanation to someone’s behavior.Emotional intelligence (EI) — The ability to understand and manage your own emotions and deal effectively with the emotions of others.Empathy — The willingness and ability to experience things from another person’s point of view.Face — The identity a person presents to others.Facework — Verbal and nonverbal strategies people use to maintain a desired identity.Fundamental attribution error — The tendency to explain other people’s behavior through personal qualities while giving too little attention to situational factors.Halo effect — The tendency to use a positive impression of someone in one area to assume other positive qualities.High self-monitors — People who pay close attention to their behavior and adjust it to create a desired impression.Horn effect — The tendency to use a negative impression of someone in one area to assume other negative qualities.Identity management — Communication strategies people use to influence how others see them.Low self-monitors — People who pay less attention to managing the impression their behavior creates.Perceived self — The person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest self-examination.Perception checking — A communication strategy for checking the accuracy of an interpretation rather than assuming you know what another person’s behavior means.Personality — Relatively stable characteristics that influence how a person tends to think, feel, and behave.Reflected appraisal — The influence of other people’s messages on our self-concept, especially messages from significant others.Self-concept — A relatively stable set of perceptions you hold about yourself.Self-esteem — Your evaluation of your own self-worth.Self-fulfilling prophecy — An expectation that influences behavior in ways that make the expected outcome more likely.Self-serving bias — The tendency to judge ourselves more charitably than we judge others, such as taking credit for successes while blaming outside circumstances for failures.Significant others — People whose opinions and messages have an especially strong influence on our self-concept.Social comparison — Evaluating yourself by comparing yourself with others.

Joey writes about how their college experiences are shaped not only by being a first‑generation student, but also by their race, gender, and socioeconomic background. Which concept best explains how these overlapping identities shape Joey’s experiences and communication?

23. Rousseau felt that we must re-define freedom because we cannot have a society without rules.

7. Rule utilitarianism is based on the idea that… 

4. For John Stuart Mill, utilitarianism should be based on…

9. Psychological egoism explains…

Time Limit: 90 minutes of work time.  Please note that the Canvas timer is set to 105 minutes to allow 15 minutes to scan and upload your work.  If you are seen to be working after 90 minutes, you will get an automatic 25 point deduction.   You may use the onscreen calculator.  You can use desmos.com as well.  You may not use calculators or desmos.com to evaluate integrals.   You MUST clearly explain your solutions in WORDS for all questions.  Each ‘regular’ problem has a minimum of 2 bulletpoints explaining your solution.  Reasons like ‘used calculator’ and ‘simplify’ or ‘used log rules’ are not valid.