If a defendant refuses to testify at trial, the judge can tell the jury this may be an indication that the defendant is guilty.

Residents in total institutions generally are cut off from the larger society.

The largest proportion of indirect costs comes from health care costs.

The balancing test weights individual rights against the need for public order.

Research suggests that electronic monitoring reduces the risk of parole revocation.

The just deserts philosophy emphasized deterrence as the main purpose of incarceration.

The M’Naghten rule focuses on the defendant’s ability to distinguish right from wrong at the time of the crime.

All federal law enforcement agencies are under the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice.

Most crimes committed via the Internet are new forms of offending.

The post-Warren Supreme Court has continued the trend of the Warren-era advances in the area of individual rights.