According to research conducted by Gollwitzer, Heckhausen, and Steller (1990), individuals show a “cognitive tuning” toward information expressing the pros and cons of one goal versus rival goals. This process represents a ________ mindset.

In the learned helplessness experiments with human beings as subjects, what stimulus is typically used to deliver the aversive, traumatic event?

Which of the following is a good example of an effective implementation intention?

People with difficult goals outperform people with easy goals. This is so because people with difficult goals show greater:

____ can be understood as the psychological state that results when an individual expects that life’s outcomes are uncontrollable.

Can people develop a greater growth mindset?

The experience of cognitive dissonance is psychologically aversive. To reduce dissonance, people often:

A(n) _______ is the personal tendency to explain why bad events happen to the self by using attributions that are unstable and controllable.

Self-perception theory is more applicable to situations in which people’s attitudes are initially _, while cognitive dissonance theory is more applicable to situations in which people’s attitudes are initially _.

A goal is: