Indirect measuring devices such as LVDTs and strain gauges require

When 20% of the Portland cement is replaced with fly ash, the 28-day compressive strength

When aggregates are in the moist condition with free moisture greater than zero, the actual mixing water added at the batch plant must be reduced to maintain the target water-cement ratio.

According to the absolute volume method of PCC contents determination, the unit weight of water is used to convert the required water mass into volume by dividing the weight in lb/yd³ (or kg/m³) by:

For base course applications, particle surface texture is considered very important, while pore structure and porosity are generally unimportant or of unknown importance.

Poisson’s ratio relates:

Minimum cementitious material content requirements are typically higher for concrete exposed to

Air entrainment of 6–7% is generally required for concrete exposed to severe freeze-thaw conditions.

In the ACI mix design procedure, the volume of coarse aggregate is first determined based on the nominal maximum aggregate size and fineness modulus of the sand.

The area under the stress-strain curve up to the proportional limit represents the modulus of resilience.