CASE 2: An 80-year-old male is transferred from a nursing home to the hospital because of a severe lower respiratory infection. He is experiencing chest pain, chills, fever, and shortness of breath. He has a productive cough (meaning that he is coughing up sputum). A Gram stain of the sputum reveals numerous short chains of purple cells. The Gram stain results suggest that the organism may be _____.
Read DetailsCASE 2: An 80-year-old male is transferred from a nursing home to the hospital because of a severe lower respiratory infection. He is experiencing chest pain, chills, fever, and shortness of breath. He has a productive cough (meaning that he is coughing up sputum). A Gram stain of the sputum reveals numerous short chains of purple cells. A capsule stain reveals the presence of a thick capsule, confirming the Gram stain diagnosis. The physician suspects that the pathogen entered the host through the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Given this information, which of the following statements is most likely to be INCORRECT?
Read DetailsCASE 5: A 7-year-old boy is taken to the emergency room by his mother after she finds him unresponsive in his bed. She states that her son was sent home from school 3 days earlier after showing flu-like symptoms. He awoke the next morning with body aches, a cough, a sore throat, and a runny nose. After 2 days of taking over-the-counter children’s cold medicine, he had not improved. Upon arriving at the hospital, he is dehydrated, pale, and shaky. The physician notes that he is wheezing and has slight difficulty breathing. A chest X-ray indicates pneumonia of the right lung, which is subsequently determined to be viral. Viral antigens are often unable to activate B-Cells directly. In this event, B-Cells will display viral antigens on their surface. The displayed antigens can then be recognized by _____, which activate the B-Cells and cause clonal expansion.
Read DetailsCASE 5: A 7-year-old boy is taken to the emergency room by his mother after she finds him unresponsive in his bed. She states that her son was sent home from school 3 days earlier after showing flu-like symptoms. He awoke the next morning with body aches, a cough, a sore throat, and a runny nose. After 2 days of taking over-the-counter children’s cold medicine, he had not improved. Upon arriving at the hospital, he is dehydrated, pale, and shaky. The physician notes that he is wheezing and has slight difficulty breathing. A chest X-ray indicates pneumonia of the right lung, which is subsequently determined to be viral. The patient may have been able to avoid this illness if he had gotten the annual Flu Vaccine. Immunity obtained by vaccination would be considered both _____ and _____.
Read Details