A baby born prematurely is taken to the intensive care unit. The baby is quickly intubated through the nose to the airways and is given surfactant with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Surfactant replacement and aided breathing continue until the baby can breathe on its own. The purpose of the surfactant treatment is to: 

7b. At one point in the therapy, epinephrine was given to the patient. Predict the response to the following (increase / decrease / no change). (6 pts) i. Airway diameter  ii. Heart rate  iii. Pulmonary vascular resistance  iv. Diaphragm muscle contraction   

A couple in Colorado was keeping warm in the winter with their wood stove. They left the stove unattended throughout the night. In the morning, the couple arose and complained to each other about dizziness, nausea, fatigue, and headache. At that time, they noticed small crack in the venting system of their stove and called 911 to report possible CO poisoning. They removed themselves from the house, and after several hours of breathing normal air, their symptoms were gone. How did the CO affect O2 transport in their blood?

Renin is secreted by

2. One of the treatments included nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that, when inhaled, causes pulmonary vasodilation. The ideal ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio is 1. Answer the following based on ventilation-perfusion coupling. (Unit 4) a. BEFORE the nitric oxide treatment, when there are pulmonary emboli (blood clots) in blood vessels, what would happen to V/Q (ventilation-perfusion ratio) (INCREASE/DECREASE/NO CHANGE)?  (7 pts)

A PhD student can measure ionic conductance in isolated cardiomyocytes in the electrophysiology laboratory. A goal of the lab is to measure specific effects of cardiac drugs on the initiation and completion of the action potential. The student evaluated several drugs acting on Na+ current (INa), IK, and ICa, and eventually determined the concentrations of drugs necessary to block individual channels contributing to the cardiomyocyte action potential. Currents caused by opening of which of the following channels contribute to the rapid depolarization phase of the action potential of ventricular muscle cells?

In the living body, Ca+ in the ECF and ICF ______.

During exercise, cardiac output is _____, peripheral resistance is _____, and mean arterial blood pressure is _____.

In cardiac muscle, the Ca2+ for contraction comes from __________.

A 59-year-old woman comes to the emergency department with an acute onset of shortness of breath. She states to the attending physicians that she recently sustained a fractured bone and has had slightly elevated blood pressure for several years. A lung scan demonstrates a perfusion defect in the lower right lobe. Which of the following occurs if blood flow to the alveolar units in the region of the perfusion defect is totally obstructed by a pulmonary embolism?