56.   You made a 1:1000 dilution of your culture, and plated 0.1 ml of this sample on               a Nutrient agar plate.  After incubation, you counted 50 colonies on the                           plate. How many organisms were in the original culture?            

a. Briefly describe the Vaughan Williams classification scheme for antiarrhythmic drugs. Name ONE representative drug for each class.  (4 marks) b. Drugs belonging to which TWO of the named classes are currently recommended for long-term rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation?  (1 mark)

Discuss the medicinal chemistry behind the design of the typical antipsychotics, and rationalise the specific side-effects associated with this class of drug. (5 Marks)

A 60 year old male, has a long history of bipolar disorder and recently he has been diagnosed with angina. Before he started treatment with lithium he had frequent episodes of suicidal depression. Equally problematic were episodes of hypomania, which proved to be destructive to his family life and job.   a. Explain in detail the mechanism of action of lithium on bipolar disorder?                                                                                                                                                                                            (2 Marks)   b. List the minor /reversible side effects of lithium on gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, renal and central nervous system (including neuromuscular) in the presence of a steady state plasma concentration (0.4 – 1 mmol/L)                                                                                                                                                                                  (3 Marks)

75. Gender barriers are one of the causes why there’s an underrepresentation of women in (STEM). 

EP, a 70-year-old patient with a history of coronary artery disease, has been prescribed simvastatin 40 mg daily. He has come to your community pharmacy, and says that his neighbour told him that he was unable to drink a particular kind of fruit juice with his statin, but he can’t remember what they said. Which ONE of the following would you advise EP to avoid?

A drug solution has a UV absorbance of 0.758 at 267 nm in a 1 cm cuvette. The specific absorbance at this wavelength is 375. Calculate the concentration of the drug in this solution.  

Which of the following drugs would be a poor choice in a 70-year-old elderly woman with depressive symptoms due to the drug having significant alpha-1 (α1) receptor antagonism and thus a higher risk for falls due to orthostatic hypotension?  

Explain the functional consequences of acute urinary tract obstruction.  (5 marks)

Section B This section comprises 4 Short-Answer Questions(Questions 31-34). Attempt THREE questions only. Each question carries 5 marks. Do not spend more than 45 minutes on this section