A patient with acute leukemia develops dyspnea and confusion with very high WBC count. Which complication is most likely?

A patient with cirrhosis has generalized edema. Which Starling force change is most central?  

A 68-year-old with long-standing hypertension presents with abrupt, severe chest pain radiating to the back described as “tearing.” BP is 210/110. Which pathophysiologic event most likely explains the presentation?  

A patient is diagnosed with lymphoma. Which finding most strongly supports Hodgkin lymphoma rather than non-Hodgkin lymphoma?  

A patient stands up quickly and becomes lightheaded. Which immediate reflex response should occur in a healthy person?

A 33-year-old postpartum patient develops unilateral leg swelling after prolonged bed rest. Ultrasound confirms a proximal DVT. Which pathophysiologic contributor most directly promoted clot formation in this scenario?

A 62-year-old on a diuretic develops palpitations. ECG shows polymorphic VT with “twisting” QRS complexes around the baseline. Which abnormality most strongly predisposed to this rhythm?

 A 67-year-old with chronic kidney disease reports fatigue and dyspnea on exertion. CBC shows normocytic anemia with low reticulocyte count. Iron studies are normal. Which mechanism best explains the anemia?

A patient with myelofibrosis develops progressive abdominal fullness and early satiety. Exam shows marked splenomegaly. Which pathophysiologic process best explains the enlarged spleen?

A 34-year-old with lymphoma has fevers, drenching night sweats, and unintentional weight loss. These systemic findings are best explained by: