Diagnostic Results: CBC WBC 8.8 RBC 5 Hgb: 15 Hct 46% MCV 95 MCHC 34 Platelets 290 Neutrophils 59% Lymphocytes 34% Monocytes 3% Eosinophils 2% Basophils 1% 4.0-11.0 3.9-5.1 12-16 35-45% 80-100 27-34 150-450 40-60% 20-40% 2-8% 1-4% 0.5-1% CMP Sodium 144 mmol/L Potassium 3.9 mmol/L Chloride 98 mmol/L CO2 27 mmol/L BUN 20 mg/dL Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL Glucose 124 mg/dL Calcium 9.0 mg/dL Alk phos 85 U/L ALT 35 U/L AST 32 U/L Albumin 3.8 g/dL Total Protein 7.0 g/dL Total bilirubin 0.9 mg/dL 135-145 mmol/L 3.5-5 mmol/L 96-106 mmol/L 20-30 mmol/L 6-20 mg/dL 0.6-1.3 mg/dL 60-126 mg/dL 8.5-10.2 mg/dL 20-130 U/L 4-36 U/L 8-33 U/L 3.4-5.4 g/dL 6.0-8.3 g/dL 0.1-1.2 mg/dL HBg A1C 5.7%

Intro and Chief Complaint (PLO 2)  Patient Info and Chief Complaint: Patient name: Barney Jackson Patient age: 65 years old Patient self-reported gender: Male Chief complaint: “Possible left foot infection” Care setting: Internal medicine office, scheduled appointment Section Task 1: (A.) List ten (10) differential diagnoses for this patient scenario, based solely on the information provided above. [PLO 2] (B.) For each diagnosis, list two (2) symptoms, risk factors, or historical findings that would help you differentiate that specific diagnosis from the others. Each symptom, risk factor, or historical finding may only be used once in total when answering this question.

Assessment and Plan: HPI:  Agatha Dubois is a 65-year-old female patient who presents with a complaint of noticing blood in the toilet after she urinated a few days ago. Pt reports this episode occurred once 3 days ago and has not returned since. She reports the toilet water was tinged red when she got up. She reports that she had two prior similar episodes 6-7 months ago and sought care online via a telehealth platform through her job. She reports she was diagnosed with a “UTI” and was treated with an antibiotic (cannot recall which one), and states no testing was actually done to assess her. She reports no recurrence of the blood since that time, until 3 days ago, so she hadn’t worried about it until now.  Pt admits to increased nocturia, with a sense of urinary urgency at times during the day. She reports no dysuria, flank pain, decreased urine output, incontinence, or abdominal pain associated with this and is unsure when the blood shows up (i.e., cannot distinguish if it is the entire stream, versus start or end). She reports no fever, night sweats, or chills. When specifically asked, the pt could not be entirely sure that the blood was in her urine versus vaginal bleeding that ended up in the toilet. She feels generally confident that it came from urination, however.  Pt reports no symptoms prior to this occurring 6-7 months ago. Pt denies other associated symptoms and denies preceding trauma, exercise prior onset, injury, or recent fall. No recent or remote international travel. She denies easy bruising or bleeding otherwise. No constipation, straining at stool, melena, or blood in stool reported. She denies eating beets, red food coloring, or other red-colored food items. Medications: Metoprolol Succinate (ER) 50mg PO daily HCTZ 25mg PO daily Atorvastatin 40mg PO QHS No over-the-counter medications taken at this time Allergies: Sulfa Drugs (causes lip swelling and rash) Past Medical History: Chronic conditions:  Primary Hypertension (diagnosed 20 years ago) Hyperlipidemia (diagnosed 20 years ago) No known bleeding disorder or hx of abnormal bleeding Surgeries:  Benign thyroid nodule removal (age 55)  R wrist fracture ORIF repair (age 42) due to a fall Health Maintenance/Immunizations:  Up-to-date on most recommended, age-appropriate vaccines including COVID, influenza, Tdap. Pt reports she has not had a shingles or a pneumonia vaccine when asked.  Pt’s last colonoscopy was 15 years ago at age 50 (no concerning findings reported). Pt has not yet completed any osteoporosis screening OB-GYN:  G2P2002. Both spontaneous vaginal births with minimal complications of note.  Pt completed routine pap smears/exams until age 60, at which time pt discontinued seeking women’s health care. She reports having an abnormal pap smear at age 50, but negative HPV testing throughout the years. She states the abnormality required “watching only”.   Family History: Father: alive, 89 years old. Known hx of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, dementia. Mother: alive, 88 years old. Known hx of obesity, melanoma skin cancer (s/p Mohs surgery for removal), HTN, and diabetes type 2. Sister 1: alive, age 62, history of Type 2 DM, obesity, high cholesterol Sister 2: alive, age 64, history of thyroid cancer s/p thyroidectomy, chronic back pain Children: two, both alive and well Child 1 (female): Age 30, healthy Child 2 (male): Age 32, healthy   Social History:  Tobacco/Vape: Hx of tobacco use (age 20-50, has quit since age 50, reports smoking half pack to full pack per day during those years; with an estimated 22.5 pack/year hx) Alcohol: An occasional glass of wine on weekends Illicit drugs: Denies drug use  Marital/Sexual: Pt is widowed (husband died 6 years ago from colon cancer), recently started dating again and has a new male partner as of 3 months ago. She is sexually active with that person and reports no use of contraceptive or birth control. Living situation: Lives in a condo in Santee Job: Retired nurse Hobbies: Golf, learning to sew/crochet, and loves photography Diet: Normal, no current restrictions or dietary allergies Religion: Atheist Sleep: Averages 6-7 hours of sleep per night ROS: Constitutional: See HPI. No changes in appetite. No reported unexplained weight loss or gain recently.  Skin: Denies hair changes, nail changes, rash, lesions, bruising, or skin discoloration.  HEENT: Denies rhinitis, sore throat, congestion, ear pain or discharge, eye pain or change in vision, or headache. Denies hearing loss, tinnitus, or nasal discharge. No lymph node or gland swelling reported. CV/PV: No chest pain, palpitations, swelling, cyanosis, or edema of extremities. No syncope reported.  Pulmonary:  No cough, SOB, dyspnea, orthopnea, or PND.  GI:  See HPI. Denies constipation, diarrhea, fecal incontinence, abdominal distention, or heartburn. No blood in stool reported or dark/tarry stools. GU:  See HPI. Denies urinary incontinence, dysuria, or flank pain. MSK:  Denies muscle aches/pain, joint swelling, or joint discoloration. No changes in gait. No back pain, neck pain, or joint pain. Neuro: Denies headaches, dizziness or lightheadedness, speech changes, slurred speech, numbness or weakness anywhere. Denies seizures, tremors, or confusion.  Psych: Denies depression, mania, suicidal ideation, homicidal ideation or hallucinations. Endocrine: Denies heat or cold intolerance, polydipsia, or polyphagia.  Heme/Lymph: Denies easy bruising or gum bleeding.

Patient History and Physical Exam: HPI:  Agatha Dubois is a 65-year-old female patient who presents with a complaint of noticing blood in the toilet after she urinated a few days ago. Pt reports this episode occurred once 3 days ago and has not returned since. She reports the toilet water was tinged red when she got up. She reports that she had two prior similar episodes 6-7 months ago and sought care online via a telehealth platform through her job. She reports she was diagnosed with a “UTI” and was treated with an antibiotic (cannot recall which one), and states no testing was actually done to assess her. She reports no recurrence of the blood since that time, until 3 days ago, so she hadn’t worried about it until now.  Pt admits to increased nocturia, with a sense of urinary urgency at times during the day. She reports no dysuria, flank pain, decreased urine output, incontinence, or abdominal pain associated with this and is unsure when the blood shows up (i.e., cannot distinguish if it is the entire stream, versus start or end). She reports no fever, night sweats, or chills. When specifically asked, the pt could not be entirely sure that the blood was in her urine versus vaginal bleeding that ended up in the toilet. She feels generally confident that it came from urination, however.  Pt reports no symptoms prior to this occurring 6-7 months ago. Pt denies other associated symptoms and denies preceding trauma, exercise prior onset, injury, or recent fall. No recent or remote international travel. She denies easy bruising or bleeding otherwise. No constipation, straining at stool, melena, or blood in stool reported. She denies eating beets, red food coloring, or other red-colored food items. Medications: Metoprolol Succinate (ER) 50mg PO daily HCTZ 25mg PO daily Atorvastatin 40mg PO QHS No over-the-counter medications taken at this time Allergies: Sulfa Drugs (causes lip swelling and rash) Past Medical History: Chronic conditions:  Primary Hypertension (diagnosed 20 years ago) Hyperlipidemia (diagnosed 20 years ago) No known bleeding disorder or hx of abnormal bleeding Surgeries:  Benign thyroid nodule removal (age 55)  R wrist fracture ORIF repair (age 42) due to a fall Health Maintenance/Immunizations:  Up-to-date on most recommended, age-appropriate vaccines including COVID, influenza, Tdap. Pt reports she has not had a shingles or a pneumonia vaccine when asked.  Pt’s last colonoscopy was 15 years ago at age 50 (no concerning findings reported). Pt has not yet completed any osteoporosis screening OB-GYN:  G2P2002. Both spontaneous vaginal births with minimal complications of note.  Pt completed routine pap smears/exams until age 60, at which time pt discontinued seeking women’s health care. She reports having an abnormal pap smear at age 50, but negative HPV testing throughout the years. She states the abnormality required “watching only”.   Family History: Father: alive, 89 years old. Known hx of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, dementia. Mother: alive, 88 years old. Known hx of obesity, melanoma skin cancer (s/p Mohs surgery for removal), HTN, and diabetes type 2. Sister 1: alive, age 62, history of Type 2 DM, obesity, high cholesterol Sister 2: alive, age 64, history of thyroid cancer s/p thyroidectomy, chronic back pain Children: two, both alive and well Child 1 (female): Age 30, healthy Child 2 (male): Age 32, healthy   Social History:  Tobacco/Vape: Hx of tobacco use (age 20-50, has quit since age 50, reports smoking half pack to full pack per day during those years; with an estimated 22.5 pack/year hx) Alcohol: An occasional glass of wine on weekends Illicit drugs: Denies drug use  Marital/Sexual: Pt is widowed (husband died 6 years ago from colon cancer), recently started dating again and has a new male partner as of 3 months ago. She is sexually active with that person and reports no use of contraceptive or birth control. Living situation: Lives in a condo in Santee Job: Retired nurse Hobbies: Golf, learning to sew/crochet, and loves photography Diet: Normal, no current restrictions or dietary allergies Religion: Atheist Sleep: Averages 6-7 hours of sleep per night ROS: Constitutional: See HPI. No changes in appetite. No reported unexplained weight loss or gain recently.  Skin: Denies hair changes, nail changes, rash, lesions, bruising, or skin discoloration.  HEENT: Denies rhinitis, sore throat, congestion, ear pain or discharge, eye pain or change in vision, or headache. Denies hearing loss, tinnitus, or nasal discharge. No lymph node or gland swelling reported. CV/PV: No chest pain, palpitations, swelling, cyanosis, or edema of extremities. No syncope reported.  Pulmonary:  No cough, SOB, dyspnea, orthopnea, or PND.  GI:  See HPI. Denies constipation, diarrhea, fecal incontinence, abdominal distention, or heartburn. No blood in stool reported or dark/tarry stools. GU:  See HPI. Denies urinary incontinence, dysuria, or flank pain. MSK:  Denies muscle aches/pain, joint swelling, or joint discoloration. No changes in gait. No back pain, neck pain, or joint pain. Neuro: Denies headaches, dizziness or lightheadedness, speech changes, slurred speech, numbness or weakness anywhere. Denies seizures, tremors, or confusion.  Psych: Denies depression, mania, suicidal ideation, homicidal ideation or hallucinations. Endocrine: Denies heat or cold intolerance, polydipsia, or polyphagia.  Heme/Lymph: Denies easy bruising or gum bleeding. Physical Exam Findings:  VITAL SIGNS:  Temperature: 37.2°C (98.9°F) Pulse rate: 80 bpm Respiration Rate: 18/min Blood pressure: 126/80 mmHg. Oxygen saturation: 99% on room air Weight: 79.5 kg (175 lb) Height: 182 cm (72 in) GEN: Well-developed, well-nourished female. Appears in no acute or general distress. Alert and oriented x 4, answering questions appropriately.  HEENT Atraumatic, normocephalic. Ear canals clear bilaterally, TMs pearly gray with no bulging or defect noted. Nares patent, septum intact. Lips and gingiva normal in appearance, posterior pharynx without erythema or exudates. PERRLA, EOMI B/L. NECK: Neck is supple, no masses, trachea midline, no thyroid nodules, masses. No lymph node tenderness or enlargement.  SKIN: No bruising, cyanosis, or pigment changes appreciated, without obvious lesions or rashes. Normal hair pattern. HEART: Regular rate, regular rhythm with normal S1, S2, without rubs, murmurs or gallops auscultated. No peripheral edema noted. No JVD. LUNGS: Clear to auscultation B/L. No adventitious breath sounds. No increased respiratory effort appreciated. No wheezing, rales, rhonchi, or stridor. PERIPHERAL VASCULAR: Capillary refill WNL throughout extremities, < 2s. No peripheral edema. Pulses 2+ and intact at DP, PT, brachial and radial B/L. No digital clubbing noted. ABD: Normoactive bowel sounds heard throughout all quadrants. Soft, non-distended abdomen without tenderness to light or deep palpation. No rebound or guarding noted. No hepatosplenomegaly noted. No abdominal bruits or pulsatile masses. No CVA tenderness elicited B/L. The bladder does not feel distended on palpation. No masses appreciated on deep palpation. GU/Rectal:  Pelvic exam reveals pink, multiparous, non-friable cervix. No discharge, CMT, or bleeding from closed cervical os. No appreciable mass or deformity. Vaginal canal without blood present throughout. No inguinal LAD appreciated.  Rectal exam reveals normal sphincter tone. No hemorrhoid, mass, or lesions noted externally. Hemoccult testing negative. NEURO: Pt alert and oriented x 4, following commands appropriately. Speech clear and without slurring. No facial asymmetry. Gait steady and without limp or need for assistance. Strength 5/5 in all extremities and major muscle groups, equally throughout B/L sides. No sensory deficit appreciated throughout extremities.  PSYCH: Affect and mood normal. Judgment and insight intact; no confusion. No homicidal or suicidal ideation. No pressured or tangential speech. No evidence of hallucinations.   Section Task 3: (A.) Based on the provided historical and physical exam information up to this point, please review and update your differential diagnosis list as you see fit. You may add/change diagnoses as necessarily to update this list. After your review, please list your updated top three (3) most likely diagnoses. Your number 1 (top) diagnosis should be the diagnosis you feel is most likely in this case. [PLO 2] (B.)  Then, please select and list a total of three (3) diagnostic tests that will be useful in establishing your suspected diagnoses. These may include laboratory tests, imaging, and/or diagnostic procedures. [PLO 3] (C.) Explain your reasoning for each test.  Include the medical condition for which you are testing and your expected test result for that condition. 

Intro and Chief Complaint (PLO 2)  Patient name: Agatha Dubois Patient age: 65 years old Patient self-reported gender: Female Chief complaint: “I saw blood in the toilet after I urinated 3 days ago” Care setting: Internal medicine office, scheduled walk-in appointment   Section Task 1: (A.) List ten (10) differential diagnoses for this patient scenario, based solely on the information provided above. [PLO 2] (B.) For each diagnosis, list two (2) symptoms, risk factors, or historical findings that would help you differentiate that specific diagnosis from the others. Each symptom, risk factor, or historical finding may only be used once in total when answering this question.

In a controlled scientific experiment, which variable is controlled by the researcher? [BLANK-1]

What is the name of the reaction in which water is removed to build a polymer (larger molecule)? [BLANK-1]

List 3 of the 6 key features that define life.

Type the monomer for each of the three biomolecules below. carbohydrates [BLANK-1] proteins [BLANK-2] nucleic acids [BLANK-3]

Consider this argument:             I have observed 100 emeralds.             All of these emeralds are green.             Therefore, the next emerald I observe will be green. What kind is it?