What is the method of systematic observation, measurements, and experiments, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses?

Volcanic islands that form in a line like the Hawaiian islands shown in the figure below have a pattern where the largest and most volcanically active island is at one end, while the islands become progressively smaller and older as you move farther away. What geologic setting does this pattern represent?  Source: U.S. Geological Survey (in the public domain) 

Using isotopic ages of rocks to link rock layers of different rock types across long distances, is which of the stratigraphic correlation techniques?

Which of the following are causes for Carbon cycle imbalance that can lead to climate change? Choose all that apply.

Using the graph, determine how much of the original parent radioactive isotope has converted to the child stable isotope for a material that has undergone two half-lives of radioactive decay. Note: x-axis indicates half-life.   Source: Kurt Rosenkrantz (CC-BY-SA license)

What geologic process leads to the closure of an ocean basin during the Wilson Cycle?

What is the cause of volcanic activity within tectonic plates (hot spots), such as Yellowstone or Hawaii?

Geologists use various principles to figure out the sequence of geologic events in order from oldest to youngest without using numerical dates. What is this called?

What would you expect to precede a volcanic eruption?

Comparing the metamorphic processes for various tectonic settings, which would you conclude to be more likely to occur along a Mid-Ocean spreading center?