(01.02 MC)Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between pork-barrel legislation and logrolling?

(01.01 MC)Which of the following most directly increases the relative power of a state with a small population in the federal government of the United States?

(02.02, 02.06, 02.07 HC)Presidential Approval Ratings During First Year in Office (Selected Presidents)PresidentPartyYearApproval Rating (End of First Year)Harry S. TrumanDemocratic194582%Dwight D. EisenhowerRepublican195369%John F. KennedyDemocratic196174%Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocratic196378%Richard NixonRepublican196949%Jimmy CarterDemocratic197750%Ronald ReaganRepublican198149%George H. W. BushRepublican198961%Bill ClintonDemocratic199355%George W. BushRepublican200183%Barack ObamaDemocratic200947%Donald TrumpRepublican201739%Joe BidenDemocratic202141%Identify the president in the table who had the highest approval rating at the end of their first year in office.Describe a trend in the approval ratings listed in the table.Draw a conclusion that explains the trend in the table.Explain how a president’s approval rating can impact their ability to influence the policymaking process in Congress.

(01.01 MC)Which of the following best explains why debate in the House of Representatives is more formal than that in the Senate?

(01.06 HC)In 2021, President Biden issued an executive order directing the Department of Education to forgive up to $20,000 in federal student loan debt for millions of borrowers, citing the economic hardships caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This action was taken without explicit congressional approval.Following President Biden’s executive order on student loan forgiveness, several states and conservative groups filed lawsuits challenging its constitutionality. These cases quickly made their way through the federal court system, with conflicting rulings at lower levels. In February 2023, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the consolidated cases of Biden v. Nebraska and Department of Education v. Brown. Describe a power Congress could use to address the information outlined in the scenario. In the context of the scenario, explain how the Supreme Court could respond to Congress’s action in Part A. If Congress decided to address the issue in the scenario, explain how the President could respond to its action.

(01.06 HC)Roscoe Filburn, an Ohio farmer, grew wheat for personal consumption and to feed his livestock, exceeding the production quota set by the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938. Filburn argued that his actions were beyond Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce since the wheat was not sold and remained within state borders. However, the Court unanimously ruled against Filburn, holding that even purely local activities could be regulated if they had a substantial economic effect on interstate commerce when aggregated with similar actions by others.The Court reasoned that Filburn’s wheat production, though small, still affected the national wheat market by reducing demand for commercially sold wheat. The Court’s ruling established the “aggregation principle,” which states that Congress can regulate trivial individual actions that, when combined, substantially impact interstate commerce. This landmark case laid the foundation for increased federal regulation in various areas, including civil rights, environmental protection, and labor laws, and remains a crucial precedent in constitutional law debates over the limits of federal power.Identify a constitutional clause that is common to Wickard v. Filburn (1942) and U.S. v. Lopez (1995).Based on the constitutional clause identified in part A, explain why the facts of U.S. v. Lopez led to a different outcome from the holding in Wickard v. Filburn.Explain how the holding in Wickard v. Filburn affected the balance of power between the states and the national government.

(01.03, 01.07 MC)Which of the following questions was left unanswered by the ratification of the Constitution?

When evaluating the fetal face in coronal view for cleft lip/palate what structure will be evaluated?

Which of the following fetal structures close after birth?

What vessel carries oxygenated blood from the placenta into the fetus?