With reference to Question 20, which Laws of Thermodynamics does each part of this statement refer to?

Within an energy level, the _______ orbital is the lowest in energy.

After testing and refining ideas, scientists often develop a model that explains why things behave, as they do, and predicts what will happen in the future. This type of model is best referred to as a _______.

An atom gain 2 valence electrons (e-) resulting in a configuration of 1s22s22p63s23p8.  The identity of this ion is _______.

Which phase of matter has a definite volume and shape?

What would happen to the charge of this element in Question 2 if we removed electrons?

What form of energy will all the chemical energy produced by the plants in Question 23 ultimately become?

F, Cl, and Br all belong to what family (or group)?

Roughly how much of the chemical energy developed by the plants will be transferred to the colonizers who are serving as primary consumers? 

Which of the two systems will become the ‘natural’ system over time?