Lab Question:  If there are high levels of glucose and low levels of lactose, the lac operon is ______ and mRNA is ______________________. 

Explain what causes antigenic shift and antigenic drift with influenza viruses and how this relates to the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine.

Lab Question: In the “Bacterial Identification” lab,  you isolated and amplified a DNA sample using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).  Briefly describe what happens during the steps of a PCR cycle: Denature (melt) 96C –  Anneal 50C –  Extend 60C – 

The base sequence in the template strand of a DNA molecule is 3′ T-G-T-A-C-A-G-A-C-C-A 5’.  Which of the following represents the correct base sequence for a newly synthesized complementary strand of DNA?

In animal viruses, a viral envelope is acquired during which step?

Lab Question: If lactose is available and there is NO glucose, the lac operon is ______ and mRNA is _________________.

Tell one way that recombinant molecules can be introduced into eukaryotic cells (transfection).

Which of the following is most severely affected by hepatitis virus infection?

Match the virus with the correct disease

Which of the following characteristics best describes all oncogenic viruses: