Regarding autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), what is the current state of the art approach for monitoring disease progression and subsequent management?

A patient has long-standing, poorly controlled hypertension. The patient has no symptoms of uremia. The lab data are below. Similar data are observed 6 months later. What is the correct assessment of the patient’s renal function? 

What disease matches the following description: (1) proliferation of mesangial and endothelial cells and expansion of the mesangial matrix (2) thickening of the peripheral capillary walls by subendothelial immune deposits and (3) mesangial interposition into the capillary wall with the formation of double-contouring by light microscopy (silver stains).

Which one of the following groups contains ONLY drugs that are potassium-sparing diuretics that may be used in combination with other diuretics to minimize hypokalemia? 

What is the most commonly recommended anti-hypertensive medication (or group of mediations) for use in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Given the following set of laboratory values in an obtunded, febrile patient, what is their correct interpretation? 

A child presents with low normal blood pressure, hypokalemia, alkalosis and failure to thrive. Loss-of-function mutations in which of the following proteins would not cause this phenotype?

A 58 year old woman presents with pitting edema of the lower extremities, a glove-and-stocking peripheral neuropathy, decreased visual acuity (with retinopathy), and the nephrotic syndrome. A renal biopsy is performed. Based on the light microscopic image (silver stain) and history, what is the most likely diagnosis? 

An 82 year-old female presents with pulmonary cavitary lesions on x-ray, necrotizing granulomatous inflammation on biopsy of an oral mucosal lesion and rapidly progressive renal failure. There is no eosinophilia or asthma. Which one of the following lab findings most supports the diagnosis based on the patient’s clinical description?

What is more common: autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease or autosomal recessive (childhood) polycystic kidney disease?