Two lakes receive the same amount of fertilizer runoff. One lake is shallow with a large surface area; the other is deep with a small surface area. The shallow lake develops a large algae bloom and severe oxygen loss, while the deep lake changes little. Use what you know about lake structure and nutrients to explain why the two lakes responded so differently.

A company plans to clear a section of tropical rainforest for farmland, expecting the rich forest to mean rich soil. Predict what will actually happen to the soil and crop productivity over time, and explain the ecological reasoning behind your prediction.

Estuaries are especially productive nurseries for juvenile fish because they:

The rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to which of the following?

Which situation is most likely to contribute to an incumbency advantage in a congressional election?

A federal agency issues detailed standards explaining how businesses must comply with a law passed by Congress. This is an example of

Which of the following is a formal constitutional power of the president?

A president gives a nationally televised address to build public support for a policy proposal and pressure Congress to act. This best illustrates the president’s use of

Which situation best illustrates an institutional limit on presidential power?

Which federal courts generally serve as the main trial courts where cases begin and evidence is presented?