Answer the supporting-detail questions that follow the textbook passage below.1Conflict is an inevitable part of every person’s life. 2Everyone deals with conflict in a more or less individual manner. 3At the same time, five general patterns of reacting to conflict can be identified. 4One such pattern is withdrawal, the physical or psychological removal from a conflict situation. 5Another manner of dealing with conflict is surrender, giving in immediately to another’s wishes in order to avoid an argument. 6Aggression is a third way to deal with conflict. 7Those favoring aggressive behavior try to force other people to accept the aggressor’s opinions. 8Conflict also can be dealt with through persuasion, or attempting to change the behavior or attitude of another person. 9A final means of dealing with conflict is discussion, or verbal problem solving, in which the pros and cons of the issue in conflict are weighed and considered. Sentence 5 provides _________________.

Choose if the boldfaced word is used correctly or incorrectly. Only female black widow spiders are dangerous to humans. The bite of the male is innocuous.

Choose the phrase that best completes the sentence making the vocabulary word in bold used correctly. Because Ben and Susan had asked for utilitarian wedding gifts, a group of friends bought them

My ___________ as a worker in the hotel laundry lasted only a day. It turned out that I was allergic to the soap.

Reading 1 Two automotive titans—Henry Ford and Alfred Sloan—symbolize the far-reaching changes that took place in American industry during the 1910s and 1920s. In 1913 and at the age of 50, Ford revolutionized American manufacturing by introducing the automated assembly line. By using conveyor belts to bring automobile parts to workers, he reduced his cars’ assembly time from 12½ hours in 1912 to just 1½ hours in 1914. Declining production costs allowed Ford to cut prices—six times between 1921 and 1925, reducing a new Ford’s cost to just $290. This was less than three months’ wages for an average American worker, and it made cars affordable for the average family. To lower employee turnover and raise productivity, Ford also introduced a minimum daily wage of five dollars in 1914—twice what most workers earned. In addition, he shortened the workday from nine hours to eight. Twelve years later, he reduced his workweek from six days to five. Ford proved the logic of mass production: expanded production allows manufacturers to reduce costs and increase the number of products sold. Ford also realized that higher wages allow workers to buy more products. Alfred Sloan, the president of General Motors from 1923 to 1941, built his company into the world’s largest automaker. Sloan achieved this not by improving the production process but by adopting new approaches to advertising and marketing. He summed up his philosophy with these blunt words: “The primary object of the corporation was to make money, not just to make cars.” Sloan was convinced that Americans were willing to pay extra for luxury and prestige. His stance contrasted with Henry Ford’s. Ford, a farmer’s son, wanted to produce an inexpensive, practical vehicle with few extras. For instance, Ford said that his customers could have any color they wanted as long as it was black. Instead, Sloan advertised his cars as symbols of wealth and status. In 1927, he introduced the yearly model change, to convince motorists to trade in old models for new ones with flashier styling. Sloan also developed the idea of automotive “classes,” which classified cars by status, price, and level of luxury. According to this system, Chevrolets were less expensive than Buicks or Cadillacs. To make his cars affordable, he set up the nation’s first national consumer credit agency in 1919. If Henry Ford proved the power of mass production, Sloan revealed the importance of merchandising in a modern consumer society.   According to the passage, Ford’s minimum daily wage of five dollars

Reading 3 Houses aren’t the only place where insulation can be seen in our world. Two kinds of animals—birds and mammals—maintain a constant body temperature despite the temperature of their surroundings. Both have evolved methods to control the flow of heat into and out of their bodies. Part of these strategies involve the use of insulating materials—fat, feathers, and fur—that serve to slow down the heat flow. Because most of the time an animal’s body is warmer than the environment, the most common situation is one in which the insulation works to keep heat in. Whales, walruses, and seals are examples of animals that have thick layers of fat to insulate them from the cold arctic waters in which they swim. Fat is a poor conductor of heat and plays much the same role in their bodies as the fiberglass insulation in your attic. Feathers are another kind of insulation. They are made of light, hollow tubes connected to each other by an array of small interlocking spikes. They have some insulating properties themselves, but their main effect comes from the fact that they trap air next to the body. This stationary air is a rather good insulator. For instance, in winter, a house sparrow has about 3,500 feathers, which maintain the bird’s normal temperature even in below-freezing weather. Birds often react to extreme cold by contracting muscles in their skin so that the feathers fluff out. This increases the thickness—and hence the insulating power—of the layer of trapped air. Incidentally, birds need insulation more than we do because their normal body temperature is 106°F. Hair (or fur) is actually made up of dead cells similar to those in the outer layer of the skin. Like feathers, hair serves as an insulator in its own right and traps a layer of air near the body. In some animals (for example, polar bears) the insulating power of the hair is increased because each hair contains tiny bubbles of trapped air. The reflection of light from these bubbles makes polar bear fur appear white—the strands of hair are actually semitransparent. Hair grows from follicles in the skin, and small muscles allow animals to make their hair stand up to increase its insulating power. Human beings, who evolved in a warm climate, have lost much of their body hair as well as the ability to make most of it stand up. There is a reminder of our mammalian nature, however, in the phenomenon of “goose bumps,” which is the attempt by muscles in the skin to make the nonexistent hair stand up.   You can infer that the author’s attitude toward the topic is

Choose the phrase that best completes the sentence making the vocabulary word in bold used correctly. It was presumptuous of my brother to

Reading 4 One of the strongest influences on interpersonal attraction is nearness—sometimes called “propinquity.” This influence of nearness on what we like is called the “propinquity effect.” The people who, by chance, are the ones you see and interact with the most often are the most likely to become your friends and lovers. Of course, if the person in question is an obnoxious jerk, then, not surprisingly, the more exposure you have to him or her, the greater your dislike. But in the absence of such negative qualities, familiarity breeds attraction and liking. Familiarity can occur in a new way today—we can get to know each other through electronic mail and computer chat rooms. Computer-mediated communication offers a new twist on the propinquity effect; the fact that someone is thousands of miles away no longer means you can’t meet him or her. Are computer-based relationships the same as ones formed in everyday life? Do computer relationships survive when they move from computer screen to face-to-face interactions? Current research is beginning to explore these questions. A good example of the propinquity effect is your college classroom. All semester long, you see the same people. Does this increase your liking for them? Two researchers tested this hypothesis by planting female research assistants in a large college classroom. The women did not interact with the professor or the other students; they just walked in and sat quietly in the first row, where everyone could see them. The women differed in how many classes they attended, from fifteen meetings down to the control condition of none. At the end of the semester, the students in the class were shown slides of the women, whom they rated on several measures of liking and attractiveness. Results showed that mere exposure had a definite effect on liking. Even though they had never interacted, the more often the students had seen the women in class, the better they liked them. Are we more attracted to people who are like us, or are we more attracted to people who are our opposites? Folk wisdom may suggest that “opposites attract,” but research evidence proves that it is similarity, not difference, that draws people together. For example, dozens of tightly controlled experiments have shown that if all you know about a person (whom you’ve never met) are his or her opinions on several issues, the more similar those opinions are to yours, the more you will like him or her. And what happens when you do meet? In a classic study, Theodore Newcomb randomly assigned male college students at the University of Michigan to be roommates in a particular dormitory at the start of the school year. Would similarity predict friendship formation? The answer was yes: Men became friends with those who were demographically similar (for example, shared a rural background), as well as with those who were similar in attitudes and values (for example, were also engineering majors or also held liberal political views). Why is similarity so important in attraction? There are at least two possibilities. First, people who are similar provide us with important social validation for our characteristics and beliefs—that is, they provide us with the feeling that we are right. Second, we make negative inferences about someone who disagrees with us on important issues. We suspect the individual’s opinion is indicative of the kind of person we have found in the past to be unpleasant, immoral, weak, or thoughtless. In short, disagreement on important attitudes leads to repulsion. The desire to be validated and the conclusions we draw about character both play a role in boosting the attractiveness of a like-minded person and diminishing the attractiveness of someone who is dissimilar.   Which sentence best states the main idea of the sixth paragraph?

Reading 3 Houses aren’t the only place where insulation can be seen in our world. Two kinds of animals—birds and mammals—maintain a constant body temperature despite the temperature of their surroundings. Both have evolved methods to control the flow of heat into and out of their bodies. Part of these strategies involve the use of insulating materials—fat, feathers, and fur—that serve to slow down the heat flow. Because most of the time an animal’s body is warmer than the environment, the most common situation is one in which the insulation works to keep heat in. Whales, walruses, and seals are examples of animals that have thick layers of fat to insulate them from the cold arctic waters in which they swim. Fat is a poor conductor of heat and plays much the same role in their bodies as the fiberglass insulation in your attic. Feathers are another kind of insulation. They are made of light, hollow tubes connected to each other by an array of small interlocking spikes. They have some insulating properties themselves, but their main effect comes from the fact that they trap air next to the body. This stationary air is a rather good insulator. For instance, in winter, a house sparrow has about 3,500 feathers, which maintain the bird’s normal temperature even in below-freezing weather. Birds often react to extreme cold by contracting muscles in their skin so that the feathers fluff out. This increases the thickness—and hence the insulating power—of the layer of trapped air. Incidentally, birds need insulation more than we do because their normal body temperature is 106°F. Hair (or fur) is actually made up of dead cells similar to those in the outer layer of the skin. Like feathers, hair serves as an insulator in its own right and traps a layer of air near the body. In some animals (for example, polar bears) the insulating power of the hair is increased because each hair contains tiny bubbles of trapped air. The reflection of light from these bubbles makes polar bear fur appear white—the strands of hair are actually semitransparent. Hair grows from follicles in the skin, and small muscles allow animals to make their hair stand up to increase its insulating power. Human beings, who evolved in a warm climate, have lost much of their body hair as well as the ability to make most of it stand up. There is a reminder of our mammalian nature, however, in the phenomenon of “goose bumps,” which is the attempt by muscles in the skin to make the nonexistent hair stand up.   The author’s main purpose is to

Reading 3 Houses aren’t the only place where insulation can be seen in our world. Two kinds of animals—birds and mammals—maintain a constant body temperature despite the temperature of their surroundings. Both have evolved methods to control the flow of heat into and out of their bodies. Part of these strategies involve the use of insulating materials—fat, feathers, and fur—that serve to slow down the heat flow. Because most of the time an animal’s body is warmer than the environment, the most common situation is one in which the insulation works to keep heat in. Whales, walruses, and seals are examples of animals that have thick layers of fat to insulate them from the cold arctic waters in which they swim. Fat is a poor conductor of heat and plays much the same role in their bodies as the fiberglass insulation in your attic. Feathers are another kind of insulation. They are made of light, hollow tubes connected to each other by an array of small interlocking spikes. They have some insulating properties themselves, but their main effect comes from the fact that they trap air next to the body. This stationary air is a rather good insulator. For instance, in winter, a house sparrow has about 3,500 feathers, which maintain the bird’s normal temperature even in below-freezing weather. Birds often react to extreme cold by contracting muscles in their skin so that the feathers fluff out. This increases the thickness—and hence the insulating power—of the layer of trapped air. Incidentally, birds need insulation more than we do because their normal body temperature is 106°F. Hair (or fur) is actually made up of dead cells similar to those in the outer layer of the skin. Like feathers, hair serves as an insulator in its own right and traps a layer of air near the body. In some animals (for example, polar bears) the insulating power of the hair is increased because each hair contains tiny bubbles of trapped air. The reflection of light from these bubbles makes polar bear fur appear white—the strands of hair are actually semitransparent. Hair grows from follicles in the skin, and small muscles allow animals to make their hair stand up to increase its insulating power. Human beings, who evolved in a warm climate, have lost much of their body hair as well as the ability to make most of it stand up. There is a reminder of our mammalian nature, however, in the phenomenon of “goose bumps,” which is the attempt by muscles in the skin to make the nonexistent hair stand up.   The author suggests birds need insulation more than humans do because