INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each.Laura is the sister of either Rachel or Sandy, and Sandy is the sister of Beth. Therefore, it follows necessarily that Laura is the sister of Beth.

INSTRUCTIONS: A) Fill out a truth table for the following pairs of statements, and then B) state whether the statements are logically equivalent, contradictory, consistent, or inconsistent. Be sure to identify the main operator of each statement and show all of your work. ∼ (H  ≡  R)    and    ∼ (R  ⊃  ∼ H) You may copy the first line of a table for these statements (with a slash separating each statement) from here: ~ (H ≡ R) / ~ (R ⊃ ~ H)

​ ​ INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease. Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations

INSTRUCTIONS: A) Fill out a truth table for the following pairs of statements, and then B) state whether the statements are logically equivalent, contradictory, consistent, or inconsistent. Be sure to identify the main operator of each statement and show all of your work. ∼ (K  ⊃  G)    and    G  ∨  ∼ K You may copy the first line of a table for these statements (with a slash separating each statement) from here: ~ (K ⊃  G) / G ∨ ~ K

INSTRUCTIONS: Select the correct answer for the following multiple choice questions.In the expression “If a nation engages in torture, then it loses moral authority in the world community,” the statement “A nation engages in torture” is called the:

INSTRUCTIONS: A) Fill out a truth table for the following statement, and then B) state whether the statement is tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent. Be sure to identify the main operator and show all of your work. (R  •  B)  ≡  (B  ⊃  ∼ R)   You may copy the first row of a table from here: (R •  B) ≡ (B ⊃ ~ R)

INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each.More than 99% of all airplane flights land safely. Therefore, probably the next flight to depart from JFK International Airport will land safely.

INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each.Valerie Nelson’s last three novels sold well over a million copies each. She’s now finished a new novel, and it has gotten better reviews than the earlier ones. Hence, her new novel should sell over a million copies, too.

Proposition 1BGiven the following proposition: ∼[(A  ∨  ∼ B)  ⊃  X]  ⊃  [∼ Y  ⊃  (A  •  X)]In Proposition 1B, the main operator is a:

Proposition 1DGiven the following proposition: ∼ (A  •  ∼ X)  ≡  [A  ⊃  (Y  ∨  ∼ B)]In Proposition 1D, the main operator is a: