​Violence, rape, and health problems are direct and immediate consequences of:

Because inmates are not allowed to carry any currency, the primary method of exchange in prison is:​

According to the authors, a majority of correctional officers are:​

The relationship between prison crowding and violence is:​

​Programs that deal with mentally handicapped offenders have recently focused on:

A range of punishments are given to inmates for disciplinary reasons when they are unruly. One such punishment is:​

Characteristics of inmate populations of many prisons began to change in the:​

​Which of the following pressures are not experienced by the local jail?

Well-governed prisons are impossible due to the nature of the clientele.​

John Irwin and Donald Cressey suggest that prison subculture encompasses three subcultures, including a convict, a thief, and a straight.​