The first drug produced using recombinant DNA technology was insulin.

In order to ___________, the cancer cells have to breakthrough their original tumor and invade to blood stream or lymphatic vessels to go to a new location.

Some heavy smokers develop lung cancer but others may not because they may have inherited a susceptibility allele in every cell. Therefore years of exposure to smoke carcinogens causes mutations in the tumor suppressor gene or oncogene which leads to proliferation of lung cells.

Burkitt’s lymphoma is caused by

Cancer is often the result of activation of ____ to ____ and the inactivation of ____ genes.  

bonus: A pharmacogenetic test detects a variant of a single gene that affects drug metabolism, and a pharmacogenomics test detects variants of multiple genes or gene expression patterns that affect drug metabolism.

RNA interference, antisense-induced exon skipping, and knockouts from gene targeting are used to silence gene expression for research purposes.

There are four characteristics of cancer cells. First, cancer cells divide continuously and indefinitely; secondly, they are heritable. What are the other two?

Oncogenes __________.  

Bonus: One reason the incidence of female infertility increases with age is that older women are more likely to produce oocytes that have an abnormal chromosome number that can cause spontaneous abortions.