(Alejandro Banda) Some small mammals such as lagomorphs (rabbits) may serve as reservoirs as part of a secondary cycle of

(Alejandro Banda) The characteristics of the members of the Togaviridae family are:

(Dr. Wang) Parainfluenzavirus 1 causes severe respiratory disease in cattle and sheep.

(Dr. Yan) Prion will lose the infectivity after they released into the environment. 

(Dr. Wang) Definition of herd immunity is

Susceptible cells have functional receptor for a given virus, may or may not support viral replication.

True or false:  stimulation of the immune response can make disease due to porcine circovirius-2 infection worse.

(Dr. Yan) Provirus is the genetic material of retrovirus integrated into the host genome, and able to replicate with host genome.

(Dr. Wang) Which of the following hosts can be infected by vesicular stomatitis virus?

(Dr. Yan) The common cause of caliciviruses is upper respiratory tract infections, which can be lifelong with ongoing shedding of virus.