(Dr. Wang) Parainfluenzavirus 1 causes severe respiratory disease in cattle and sheep.

(Dr. Yan) Prion will lose the infectivity after they released into the environment. 

(Dr. Wang) Definition of herd immunity is

Susceptible cells have functional receptor for a given virus, may or may not support viral replication.

True or false:  stimulation of the immune response can make disease due to porcine circovirius-2 infection worse.

(Dr. Yan) Provirus is the genetic material of retrovirus integrated into the host genome, and able to replicate with host genome.

(Dr. Wang) Which of the following hosts can be infected by vesicular stomatitis virus?

(Dr. Yan) The common cause of caliciviruses is upper respiratory tract infections, which can be lifelong with ongoing shedding of virus.

The early infection in utero with a non-cytopathic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus has this effect on the immune response:

The Coggins test, used to detect antibodies against equine infectious anemia virus in the serum of horses, is which type of test?