Which of the following developments contributed least to the ability of westerners to dominate people in Africa and Asia?

The Great Trek (1830s) resulted in

Read the following excerpt from Wealth of Nations to answer the next two questions. As every individual . . . endeavours as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce may be of the greatest value; every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. In this excerpt, Smith argues that markets should be controlled by

The year of the four emperors in AD 69 is a symptom of the persistent problem Rome had with 

The year of the four emperors in AD 69 is a symptom of the persistent problem Rome had with 

Consider this excerpt from Rousseau’s The Social Contract: So that the social pact will not become meaningless words, it tacitly [silently] includes this commitment, which alone gives power to the others: Whoever refuses to obey the general will shall be forced to obey it by the whole body politic, which means nothing else but that he will be forced to be free. According to Rousseau, the ideal society is one in which

Dong Zhongshu, a scholar who lived during the Han dynasty in China, wrote the following: Heaven’s constant desire is to love and bring benefit, its task to nurture. Spring, fall, winter, and summer are the instruments it uses. The king also makes loving and bringing benefit his constant desire and his task is to bring peace and happiness to his age. Love and hate, joy and anger, are the instruments he uses. His love, hate, joy, and anger are like Heaven’s seasons. It is through changes in temperature that things are transformed and completed. If Heaven produces these plants and animals in the right season, then the year will be one of abundance, but if at the wrong time, then the year will be a bad one. Similarly, if the ruler expresses his four emotions in accord with moral principles, then the world will be well governed, but if not, the age will be chaotic. Thus an orderly age is like a good harvest, a disorderly age is like a bad harvest. Thus one can see that the principles of man match the way of Heaven. According to Dong Zhongshu, what/who is to blame for chaos?

The following is an excerpt from a letter written in 1517 to the Archbishop of Mainz, the most powerful clergyman in the German states: Papal indulgences for the building of St. Peter’s are circulating under your most distinguished name. . . . I grieve over the wholly false impressions which the people have conceived from them; to wit, —the unhappy souls believe that if they have purchased  indulgences they are sure of their salvation; again, that so soon as they cast their contributions into the money-box, souls fly out of purgatory; furthermore, that these graces [i.e., the graces conferred in the indulgences] are so great that there is no sin too great to be absolved, even, as they say—though the thing is impossible—if one had violated the Mother of God; again, that a man is free, through these indulgences, from all penalty and guilt. Considering the context (what you know from this excerpt and the information in the header), who wrote this letter?

The following excerpt comes from a hymn in the collection of the Rig Veda, translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith (1896), Hymn XC. When they divided *Puruṣa how many portions did they make? What do they call his mouth, his arms? What do they call his thighs and feet? The Brahman was his mouth, of both his arms was the Rājanya made. His thighs became the Vaiśya, from his feet the Śūdra was produced. (*a deity that the gods sacrificed to create the world) The hymn explains the creation of different

The following excerpt comes from a hymn in the collection of the Rig Veda, translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith (1896), Hymn XC. When they divided *Puruṣa how many portions did they make? What do they call his mouth, his arms? What do they call his thighs and feet? The Brahman was his mouth, of both his arms was the Rājanya made. His thighs became the Vaiśya, from his feet the Śūdra was produced. (*a deity that the gods sacrificed to create the world) The hymn explains the creation of different