According to Sheffield, the presentation of food itself is arousing and this subsequently motivates approach behavior, while the food alone motivates eating. This interpretation of reward explains ______.

______ is a reduced sensitivity to pain, while ______ is an increased sensitivity to pain.

One area not predicted well by the Rescorla–Wagner model includes ______.

A child throws a tantrum and their parents place the child in the corner for 5 min. As a result the tantrum behavior decreases. This is called ______.

Generally anticipatory goal responses impact ______ which then motivates behavior.

During the past 3 months, you have had several bouts of the flu. Recently, you went to a restaurant where you consumed a new food you had never tasted before. That evening you became sick. However, you do not associate eating this new food with being sick. This is called ______.

The stronger the stimuli are, the more ______ you will experience.

When animals are exposed to brief shock, their initial reaction is hyperactivity followed by hypoactivity. If a conditioned stimulus is paired with the shock, the results will be ______.

According to Spence, ______ is responsible for motivating behaviors that approach reward.

While trying to sleep, the people next door turn on some rock “n” roll stereo. At first you are annoyed and distracted but soon you start to relax. Then, just when you are about to go to sleep, a hip-hop song begins and you again become annoyed and distracted. This is an example of ______.