​ Lack of control seems to be the critical factor involved in _____, while lack of predictability is the critical factor involved in _____.

​ In their theoretical account of learned helplessness, Seligman and Maier (1967) proposed that the dogs became helpless because they had learned that there is a(n) _____ contingency between their behavior and its outcomes.

Using the same 2 x 2 table as the previous question, what is the attributable risk difference among those who did not get the flu vaccine expressed per 100 people?

Which of the following is a SIMILARITY between descriptive ecological and cross-sectional study designs?

A cohort study evaluating the association between fruit consumption and lung cancer incidence among adults in California finds a relative risk of 0.42 with a 95% confidence interval of (0.23, 1.05). Which of the following is true of this finding? 

Which of the following study types would most likely employ a quasi-experimental design? 

A study aims to evaluate the relationship between exercise and risk of stroke among older adults using past medical records. The investigators plan to first recruit participants based on their exercise behavior history and then to determine the incidence of stroke that occurred among the study population. What type of study design is this? 

The graph shows polio incidence between 1985 and 2016. What type of time variable is this an example of?  

True or False: In a cohort study design, selection of study participants is based on the outcome of interest, while, in a case-control design, selection is based on exposure status.

True or False: When using person time in the denominator, person years are considered equivalent to persons.