A tobacco plant can be made to express a gene from fireflies, resulting in the emission of light. Which of the following is the basis for this phenomenon?

A group of students summarized information on five great extinction events. Five Great Extinction Events Mass Extinction Time of Extinction Organisms Greatly Reduced or Made Extinct End of the Ordovician period 443 million years ago Trilobites, brachiopods, echinoderms, and corals End of the Devonian period 354 million years ago Marine families on tropical reefs, corals, brachiopods, and bivalves End of the Permian period 248 million years ago Trilobites, mollusks, brachiopods, and many vertebrates End of the Triassic period 206 million years ago Mollusks, sponges, marine vertebrates, and large amphibians End of the Cretaceous period 65 million years Ammonites, dinosaurs, brachiopods, bivalves, and echinoderms The students are sampling a site in search of fossils from the Devonian period. Based on the chart, which of the following would be the most reasonable plan for the students to follow?

Researchers were modeling the effects of repeated cycles of isolation with occasional interbreeding among five hypothetical fish species (species A, B, C, D, and E) found in two separate lakes (lakes I and II) that are occasionally joined by flooding, as shown in Figure 1. The research team indicated that species A would be considered to be the single common ancestor of species B, C, D, and E. There are two lakes and Lake Roman numeral 1 is to the left of Lake Roman numeral 2. Lake Roman numeral 1 is very small, and contains fish populations A and B. Lake Roman numeral 2 is extremely large and there are three small islands located in Lake Roman numeral 2 on the left side of the lake. The fish populations A, D, and C are along the right side of the lake in that order, and E is on the left side of the lake below the largest island. Figure 1. Current locations of populations of fish species A, B, C, D, and E Which of the following mechanisms could most likely account for the origin of species B in Lake I?

The following questions refer to the following DNA strand and table of codons. Each triplet of DNA bases is numbered from one to seven. Triplet 1 is T, A, G, triplet 2 is T, T, C, triplet 3 is A, A, A, triplet 4 is C, C, G, triplet 5 is C, G, T, triplet 6 is A, A, C, triplet 7 is A, T, T. The figure shows the universal codon table with 4 main data rows and 4 main data columns. The left side of the table is labeled First Base in Codon, and labels the main rows, from top to bottom, U, C, A, G. The top side of the table is labeled Second Base in Codon, and labels the main columns, from left to right, U, C, A, G. The right side of the table is labeled, Third Base in Codon, and labels each of the main rows U C A G.The data in the table reads as follows: First Base U and Second Base U with Third Base U, results in U U U phenylalanine; with Third Base C results in U U C phenylalanine; with Third Base A, results in U U A leucine, and with Third Base G, results in U U G leucine. First Base C and Second Base U with Third Base U, results in C U U leucine; with Third Base C, results in C U C leucine; with: Third Base A, results in C U A leucine, and with Third Base G, results in C U A leucine. First Base A and Second Base U with Third Base U, results in A U U isoleucine; with Third Base C, results in A U C isoleucine; with Third Base A, results in A U A isoleucine; and with Third Base G, results in A U G methionine or start. First Base G and Second Base U with Third Base U, results in G U U valine; with Third Base C, results in G U C valine; with Third Base A, results in G U A valine, with Third Base G, results in G U G valine. First Base U and Second Base C with Third Base U, results in U C U serine; with Third Base C, results in U C C serine; with Third Base A, results in U C A serine; and with Third Base G, results in U C G serine. First Base C and Second Base C with Third Base U, results in C C U proline; with Third Base C, results in C C C proline; with Third Base A, results in C C A proline; and with Third Base G, results in C C G proline. First Base A and Second Base C with Third Base U, results in A C U threonine; with Third Base C, results in A C C threonine; with Third Base A, results in A C A threonine; and with Third Base G, results in A C G threonine. First Base G and Second Base C with Third Base U, results in G C U alanine; with Third Base C, results in G C C alanine; with Third Base A, results in G C A alanine; and with Third Base G, results in G C G alanine. First Base U and Second Base A with Third Base U, results in U A U tyrosine; with Third Base C, results in U A C tyrosine; with Third Base A, results in U A A stop; and with Third Base G, results in U A G stop. First Base C and Second Base A with Third Base U, results in C A U histidine; with Third Base C, results in C A C histidine; with Third Base A, results in C A A glutamine; and with Third Base G, results in C A G glutamine. First Base A and Second Base A with Third Base U, results in A A U asparagine; with Third Base C, results in A A C asparagine; with Third Base A, results in A A A lysine; and with Third Base G, results in A A G lysine. First Base G and Second Base A with Third Base U, results in G A U aspartate; with Third Base C, results in G A C aspartate; with Third Base A, results in G A A glutamate; and with Third Base G, results in GAG glutamate. First Base U and Second Base G with Third Base U, results in U G U cysteine; with Third Base C, results in U G C cysteine; with Third Base A, results in U G A stop; and with Third Base G, results in U G G tryptophan. First Base C and Second Base G with Third Base U, results in C G U arginine; with Third Base C, results in C G C arginine; with Third Base A, results in C G A arginine; and with Third Base G, results in C G G arginine. First Base A and Second Base G with Third Base U, results in A G U serine; with Third Base C, results in A G C serine; with Third Base A, results in A G A arginine; and with Third Base G, results in A G G arginine. First Base G and Second Base G with Third Base U, results in G G U glycine; with Third Base C, results in G G C glycine; with Third Base A, results in G G A glycine; and with Third Base G, results in G G G glycine. In which of the following would there NOT be a change in the amino acid sequence of the peptide coded for by this DNA?

In the 1940’s, Avery MacCleod, and McCarty transformed nonencapsulated bacteria into encapsulated forms by growing the nonencapsulated cells in a culture containing an extract made from dead encapsulated cells. The transformed cells produced colonies of encapsulated bacteria. Three different procedures and their results are outlined below. Procedure I: Extract made from dead encapsulated cells added to culture medium.Nonencapsulated bacteria added to culture medium. Results: Both nonencapsulated and encapsulated bacteria grow. Procedure II: Extract made from dead encapsulated cells treated with protein-degrading enzymes before adding extract to culture medium.Nonencapsulated bacteria added to culture medium. Results: Both nonencapsulated and encapsulated bacteria grow. Procedure III: Extract made from dead encapsulated cells treated with DNAse (an enzyme that selectively destroys DNA) before adding extract to culture medium.Nonencapsulated bacteria added to culture medium. Results: Only nonencapsulated bacteria grow. What was the purpose of treating the extract with protein-degrading enzymes in Procedure II?

Antibiotics can be used to kill the specific pathogenic bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, that causes tuberculosis. The appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains has made it more difficult to cure M. tuberculosis infections. These antibiotic-resistant bacteria survive and pass on the genes to their offspring, making the resistant phenotype more common in the population. DNA analysis indicates that the genes for antibiotic resistance are not normally present in bacterial chromosomal DNA. Which of the following statements best explains how the genes for antibiotic resistance can be transmitted between bacteria without the exchange of bacterial chromosomal DNA?

The Stanley Miller apparatus demonstrated that organic molecules could assemble spontaneously in an environment lacking free oxygen and containing water, methane, and ammonia in the presence of an abundant energy source, such as an electric discharge. The research was considered supportive of the organic soup hypothesis, which states that the primitive atmosphere provided inorganic precursors from which organic molecules could have been synthesized in the presence of an energy source. Based on subsequent research, the primordial atmosphere was determined to contain less methane and more carbon dioxide. The new data about the composition of the early atmosphere had which of the following effects on origin-of-life hypotheses?

Finch beak depth was measured before and after a severe drought in 1977. The averaged results are shown in Figure 1. After the drought, there were fewer seeds available for the finches to eat and the seeds that did remain were larger and harder to crack open. Researchers claim that when large, hard seeds are the predominate food source, the average beak depth of these finches tends to increase in subsequent generations. The horizontal axis is labeled Beak Depth, in millimeters, and the numbers 7.3 through 11.3, in increments of 0.5, are indicated. The vertical axis is labeled Number of Birds, and the numbers 0 through 50, in increments of 10, are indicated. For most values indicated along the horizontal axis there are two bars. A key indicates that one bar represents values Before the 1977 drought and one represents values After the 1977 drought. The data represented by the histogram are as follows. Note that all values are approximate. Beak Depth, 7.3 millimeters. Before the 1977 drought, 1 bird. After the 1977 drought, 0 birds. Beak Depth, 7.8 millimeters. Before the 1977 drought, 13 birds. After the 1977 drought, 1 bird. Beak Depth, 8.3 millimeters. Before the 1977 drought, 30 birds. After the 1977 drought, 3 birds. Beak Depth, 8.8 millimeters. Before the 1977 drought, 47 birds. After the 1977 drought, 3 birds. Beak Depth, 9.3 millimeters. Before the 1977 drought, 45 birds. After the 1977 drought, 7 birds. Beak Depth, 9.8 millimeters. Before the 1977 drought, 40 birds. After the 1977 drought, 9 birds. Beak Depth, 10.3 millimeters. Before the 1977 drought, 27 birds. After the 1977 drought, 10 birds. Beak Depth, 10.8 millimeters. Before the 1977 drought, 3 birds. After the 1977 drought, 1 bird. Beak Depth, 11.3 millimeters. Before the 1977 drought, 0 birds. After the 1977 drought, 0 birds. Figure 1. Finch beak depth before and after the 1977 drought. Using the evidence provided, which of the following best justifies the researchers’ claim?

_______ is the process in which a protein is assembled at a ribosome.

The amino acid sequence of cytochrome c is exactly the same in humans and chimpanzees. There is a difference of 13 amino acids between the cytochrome c of humans and dogs, and a difference of 20 amino acids between the cytochrome c of humans and rattlesnakes. Which of the following statements is best supported by these data?