Complete the following paragraph about limb bud anatomy by selecting the correct term for each blank: The developing limb bud can be divided into three functionally distinct regions. The [1] is a structurally distinct ridge of epithelium at the most distal tip of the limb bud that bisects the dorsal and ventral halves; it secretes FGF-8 and is required for limb outgrowth. Directly beneath it is the [2] ,  a mass of proliferating progenitor cells. Restricted to the posterior-most portion of the bud, the [3] is a source of Sonic Hedgehog signaling, and when transplanted to the anterior side of a forelimb bud, causes mirror-image digit duplication.

A patient is diagnosed with a neurocristopathy. Which of the following observations would be consistent with this diagnosis? Select all that apply.

Read the following passage and see the figure below. This is question 2 of 2 about this passage and figure. “The popular herbicide atrazine induces a compound that converts testosterone into estrogen. Researchers wanted to know whether the survival of some amphibian species could be at risk due to atrazine’s effects on the number, function, and fertility of males. In Hayes et al. (2002), researchers tested the hypothesis that atrazine reduces testosterone levels in male frogs by exposing one group of 90 male frogs to 25 parts per billion (ppb) atrazine every 3 days for 46 days. A group of 90 control males and a group of 90 control females were treated identically to the atrazine-treated group, except they were not exposed to atrazine. All frogs were housed individually and fed Purina rabbit chow. After 46 days, individual testosterone levels were measured in frogs from each group. The results are below.”   QUESTION: Identify the researchers’ hypothesis and prediction.

Which of the following statements about Hox genes and anterior-posterior axis specification are correct? Select all that apply.

Felipe is a new graduate student tasked with investigating the following research question: What does the protein IGF-5 do during limb development? To investigate this question, his lab originally tried designing an Igf-5 “knock-out” mouse, in which both Igf-5 alleles were deleted, in hopes of observing whether the limbs were missing or malformed. However, the knock-out mouse did not survive past day 6 of development, which made it impossible to determine how IGF-5 functioned during later stages of development when limbs form. Felipe knows that the protein BRIT-2 inhibits IGF-5, and that BRIT-2 is only expressed later in development (after day 6). Felipe suggests genetically engineering a mouse that overexpresses BRIT-2 (makes more BRIT-2 protein than usual), assuming that it will inhibit IGF-5 during limb development. What type of experimental design is this? (Hint: Felipe’s question is about IGF-5, not BRIT-2)

How is the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) established in the mouse embryo?

74. Which of the following routes of administration will be injected into the muscle?

35. Which of the following is the BEST representation of the function of glycosaminoglycans (GAG)?  

28. What type of stretch BEST describes the following activity below? A PTA places the patient’s RIGHT leg into a straight leg raise (SLR). Once the PTA begins to feel a stretch, they hold. The PTA instructs the patient to contract their hamstrings and hold for 5-8 seconds. (The resistance is kept constant) Once done, the PTA asks the patient to relax and then the PTA increases the straight leg raise until a stretch is felt again.

41. A physical therapist takes a PTA into a PT Evaluation. She wants to review their screening criteria to give the PTA a better example on how to create interventions. These are the highlights: (1) Patient complaints of hip stiffness, especially worse in the morning, but resolves by the time they walk to the bathroom. (2) Hip IR 30, and painful. (3) Hip Flexion is 90. Based on Altman’s Criteria make True if the patient is positive or false you believe if they are negative