The two main branches of statistics are:

Instructions:This exam consists of multiple choice, true/false, matching, and short answer questions.For multiple choice questions:Select the best response. If you see the words “Select all that apply,” then there is more that one right answer and you should select whichever you believe to apply.For short answer questions:I have provided a suggested number of sentences. This is a guideline only. If you need to write more than the suggested number of sentences to fully answer the question, you may do so. You will not be penalized for writing more or less. Please try to write in complete sentences. Your responses to these questions must be in your own words. If your responses are identical to what was said in class or in the textbook, you will not receive credit.**REFERENCE SHEET**Properties of Probability:Range of possible probability:   0 ≤ Pr(A) ≤ 1  Total probability:   Pr(S) = 1  Complement:   Pr(Ā) = 1 − Pr(A)  Disjoint events (if A and B are disjoint):   Pr(A ∪ B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)  Independent events (A and B are independent if…):   Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) × Pr(B)  General rule of addition:   Pr(A ∪ B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) − Pr(A ∩ B)  Conditional probability:   Pr(B | A) = Pr(A ∩ B) / Pr(A)  General rule for multiplication:   Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) × Pr(B | A)  Total probability rule:   Pr(B) = Pr(B ∩ A) + Pr(B ∩ Ā)  Bayes’ theorem:   Pr(A | B) = [Pr(B | A) × Pr(A)] / Pr(B)  Binomial Distribution:Pr(X = x) = ₙCₓ pˣ qⁿ⁻ˣₙCₓ = n! / [x!(n − x)!]Normal Distribution:z score = (x − μ) / σSampling Distribution of a Mean:SEM = σ / √nz = (x̄ − μ) / SEMx̄ ± (z₁₋α⁄₂ × SEM)Sampling Distribution of a Proportion:SE = √(pq / n)z = (p̂ − p) / SEp̂ ± (z₁₋α⁄₂ × SE)Critical Value for alpha=0.05:z₁₋α⁄₂ = 1.96

Which of the following sketches illustrates the mesial view of a permanent maxillary first molar?

The natural daylight illuminating the scene outside the train window is considered heterochromatic.

While walking outside, you notice that a green bush still looks green even when parts of it are shaded by nearby trees. Why does the bush still appear green?

Which principle of perceptual organization suggests that objects that are common in size, shape, or color tend to be grouped together?

When you recognize a coffee mug, a chair, or a bicycle, the brain may identify the object by breaking it down into simpler geometric parts. According to recognition-by-components theory, these basic shapes are called:

Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue?

When looking at distant skyscrapers through a train window, they often appear lighter, hazier, and slightly bluish compared to nearby buildings. What visual phenomenon best explains this effect?

Briefly describe one concept or topic from this section of the course that you found interesting or enjoyable to learn about.