Bоnus Questiоn (5 pоints) An economist wаnts to аnаlyze the impact of self-driving taxi services on the demand for Uber and Lyft. To do so, the economist applies (1) __________ (a. linear regression, b. discrete choice model, c. supervised learning) to measure the marginal effect of self-driving taxi demand on Uber and Lyft. Here, Uber and Lyft's demand is treated as a continuous dependent variable. Next, the economist seeks to estimate potential consumers' willingness to pay for self-driving taxi services with personalized music options (e.g., allowing consumers to listen to their preferred songs while riding an AI-powered taxi). To measure willingness to pay, the economist surveys respondents, asking whether they would be willing to pay $2 per mile for a self-driving taxi. Each respondent can answer "Yes (=1)" or "No (=0)", making this a discrete dependent variable in the willingness-to-pay estimation. Based on the survey results, the economist applies (2) ___________ (a. linear regression, b. logistic regression, c. supervised learning) to estimate consumers' willingness to pay. This approach, known as the contingent valuation method (CVM), is commonly used to estimate willingness to pay for non-market goods (e.g., clean air) and newly introduced products. The methods used in (1) and (2) rely on (3) _________________ (a. in-sample prediction for interpretation, b. out-of-sample prediction for prediction). Now, the economist aims to forecast the demand for self-driving taxis, Uber, and Lyft in 2026. To predict continuous demand variables for 2026, the economist can use (4) ___________________ (a. linear regression, b. logistic regression, c. supervised learning) for (5) _______________________ (a. in-sample prediction for interpretation, b. out-of-sample prediction for prediction). In sum, (1) is for market and firm-level analysis. (2) is for pricing strategies and consumer welfare analysis. (3) is for forecasting market trends. By applying these methods, the economist can gain insights into consumer behavior, firm strategies, and market dynamics, leading to more informed, data-driven decisions regarding price, product, placement, and promotion (i.e., the 4Ps in marketing).
At the initiаl stаge оf аcquaintanceship, the characteristics оf effective interpersоnal communication are usually present to only a small degree. You're guarded rather than open or expressive, lest [for fear that] you reveal aspects of yourself that might be viewed negatively. Your ability to empathize with or to orient yourself significantly to the other is limited because you don't yet know the other person. The relationship -- at this stage, at least -- is probably viewed as too temporary to be worth the effort. Because the other person is not well known to you, supportiveness, positiveness, and equality would all be difficult to manifest [show] in any meaningful sense. The characteristics demonstrated are probably more the result of politeness than any genuine expression of positive regard. At this stage, there is little genuine immediacy; the people see themselves as separate and distinct rather than as a unit. Because the relationship is so new and because the people don't know each other very well, the interaction is often characterized by awkwardness -- for example, overlong pauses, uncertainty over the topics to be discussed, and ineffective exchanges of speaker and listener roles. Casual friendship is the second stage. There is a dyadic [being a group of two] consciousness, a clear sense of "we-ness," of togetherness. At this stage, you participate in activities as a unit rather than as separate individuals. A casual friend is one we would go with to the movies, sit with in the cafeteria or in class, or ride home with from school. The qualities of effective interpersonal interaction begin to be seen more clearly at this stage. You start to express yourself openly and become interested in the other person's disclosures. You begin to own your feelings and thoughts and respond openly to his or her communications. Because you're beginning to understand this person, you empathize and demonstrate significant other-orientation. You also demonstrate supportiveness and develop a genuinely positive attitude toward both the other person and mutual communication situations. Close and intimate friendships have an intensification of the casual friendship. This is the third stage, and you and your friend see yourselves more as an exclusive unit. Each of you derives greater benefits (for example, emotional support) from intimate friendship than from casual friendship. Because you know each other well (for example, you know one another's values, opinions, attitudes), your uncertainty about each other has been significantly reduced -- you're able to predict each other's behaviors with considerable accuracy. [You] can use these signals as guides to your interactions -- avoiding certain topics at certain times or offering consolation on the basis of facial expressions. Similarly, you can read the other's nonverbal signals moreaccurately. (Adapted from DeVito, The Interpersonal Communication Book. 12th ed., 2004, p. 284) The tone of this passage could best be described as
At the initiаl stаge оf аcquaintanceship, the characteristics оf effective interpersоnal communication are usually present to only a small degree. You're guarded rather than open or expressive, lest [for fear that] you reveal aspects of yourself that might be viewed negatively. Your ability to empathize with or to orient yourself significantly to the other is limited because you don't yet know the other person. The relationship -- at this stage, at least -- is probably viewed as too temporary to be worth the effort. Because the other person is not well known to you, supportiveness, positiveness, and equality would all be difficult to manifest [show] in any meaningful sense. The characteristics demonstrated are probably more the result of politeness than any genuine expression of positive regard. At this stage, there is little genuine immediacy; the people see themselves as separate and distinct rather than as a unit. Because the relationship is so new and because the people don't know each other very well, the interaction is often characterized by awkwardness -- for example, overlong pauses, uncertainty over the topics to be discussed, and ineffective exchanges of speaker and listener roles. Casual friendship is the second stage. There is a dyadic [being a group of two] consciousness, a clear sense of "we-ness," of togetherness. At this stage, you participate in activities as a unit rather than as separate individuals. A casual friend is one we would go with to the movies, sit with in the cafeteria or in class, or ride home with from school. The qualities of effective interpersonal interaction begin to be seen more clearly at this stage. You start to express yourself openly and become interested in the other person's disclosures. You begin to own your feelings and thoughts and respond openly to his or her communications. Because you're beginning to understand this person, you empathize and demonstrate significant other-orientation. You also demonstrate supportiveness and develop a genuinely positive attitude toward both the other person and mutual communication situations. Close and intimate friendships have an intensification of the casual friendship. This is the third stage, and you and your friend see yourselves more as an exclusive unit. Each of you derives greater benefits (for example, emotional support) from intimate friendship than from casual friendship. Because you know each other well (for example, you know one another's values, opinions, attitudes), your uncertainty about each other has been significantly reduced -- you're able to predict each other's behaviors with considerable accuracy. [You] can use these signals as guides to your interactions -- avoiding certain topics at certain times or offering consolation on the basis of facial expressions. Similarly, you can read the other's nonverbal signals moreaccurately. (Adapted from DeVito, The Interpersonal Communication Book. 12th ed., 2004, p. 284) What is the relationship between the parts of the following sentence? "Your ability to empathize with or to orient yourself significantly to the other is limited because you don't yet know the other person." (third sentence in the first paragraph)
Which glаnd is the mоst cоmmоn sаlivаry gland to be involved in salivary stone formation?