Chаnge: Definitiоn: “Chаnge is the аct оr result оf something becoming different.” In the classical understanding, change was treated as a profound puzzle. Heraclitus emphasized the ceaseless flow of reality, while Parmenides denied its possibility, insisting that being is unchanging. Aristotle sought a middle ground, explaining change as the realization of potential into actuality, governed by causes and purposes. Modern interpretations often highlight change as innovation or transformation, valued for its role in driving technological development and social reform. Courage: Definition: “Courage is mental or moral strength to venture, persevere, and withstand danger, fear, or difficulty.” In the classical understanding, courage was a cardinal virtue, praised as the strength to hold firm against fear when reason demanded action. Plato described it as the spirited element of the soul remaining loyal to rational guidance, and Aristotle defined it as the balance between cowardice and recklessness. Modern interpretations tend to describe courage in terms of psychological resilience or personal conviction, extending its scope to everyday challenges. Custom and Convention: Definition of custom: “A usage or practice common to many or to a particular place, long-established and considered as unwritten law.” Definition of convention: “A principle, procedure, or practice accepted as true or correct by general agreement.” In the classical understanding, custom and convention were the practices that sustained civic life. They were not natural laws but agreements that gave structure to communities, shaping rituals, norms, and laws. Sophocles dramatized the tension between divine law and human convention, while Aristotle acknowledged their necessity for stability. Modern interpretations often treat customs and conventions as cultural constructs open to questioning, reform, or abandonment in favor of individual autonomy or broader ideals of justice. Desire: Definition: “Desire is a conscious impulse toward something that promises enjoyment or satisfaction.” In the classical understanding, desire was seen as a powerful force that needed discipline. Plato distinguished between necessary desires, such as those for survival, and unnecessary ones that could enslave the soul. Aristotle emphasized that desire must be guided by reason to achieve virtue, while Stoic thinkers sought freedom from destructive passions through tranquility. Modern interpretations often associate desire with self-expression, consumer choice, and personal fulfillment, though psychology also warns of compulsive or unhealthy patterns. Happiness: Definition: “Happiness is a state of well-being and contentment; joy.” In the classical understanding, happiness (eudaimonia) was the ultimate end of human life. Aristotle described it as the flourishing of the soul through virtuous activity, requiring a complete life lived in accordance with reason. Stoic philosophy located happiness in harmony with nature and rational order, while Plato linked it to the soul’s alignment with eternal truths. Modern interpretations often equate happiness with subjective well-being, pleasure, or life satisfaction, measured by psychology and economics rather than moral philosophy. Justice: Definition: “Justice is the process or result of using laws to fairly judge cases, redress wrongs, and punish crimes; fairness in the way people are dealt with.” In the classical understanding, justice was the cornerstone of both personal virtue and civic order. Plato defined it as harmony, with each part of the soul and each class of society fulfilling its proper role. Aristotle emphasized fairness through distributive and corrective justice, while Cicero tied justice to natural law. Modern interpretations frame justice in terms of rights, equality, and fairness, with emphasis on legal systems, social equity, and global human rights. Liberty: Definition: “Liberty is the quality or state of being free, including freedom from arbitrary restraint and the power to act as one pleases.” In the classical understanding, liberty was conceived as freedom from domination and the ability to live according to reason and law. Greek thought tied liberty to active participation in the polis, while Roman thinkers emphasized protection from arbitrary power. Modern interpretations often understand liberty as individual autonomy, freedom of choice, and protection from external interference, sometimes in tension with collective responsibility. Progress: Definition: “Progress is a forward or onward movement toward a goal, or gradual betterment.” In the classical understanding, progress was measured by moral and intellectual refinement. Plato envisioned it as ascent toward the Forms, Aristotle as cultivation of virtue and knowledge, and Stoic philosophy as living in accordance with rational order. Progress meant becoming more virtuous and wise, not accumulating material wealth. Modern interpretations largely measure progress by technological advancement, economic growth, and social reform, with ongoing debates about whether such progress truly enhances human flourishing. Wisdom: Definition: “Wisdom is the ability to discern inner qualities and relationships, good sense, and accumulated learning.” In the classical understanding, wisdom was the highest intellectual virtue. Socrates emphasized awareness of one’s ignorance, Plato described wisdom as knowledge of eternal truths, and Aristotle defined it as understanding of first principles and causes. Stoic thinkers saw wisdom as the key to freedom, enabling tranquility amid fortune’s changes. Modern interpretations often describe wisdom as practical judgment, emotional intelligence, or applied expertise, valued for problem-solving and adaptability in complex societies.
A 75-yeаr-оld mаn hаd a cerebrоvascular accident. What type оf paralysis will be most likely?