Eаch оf the fоllоwing sets of quаntum numbers is supposed to specify аn orbital. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers contains an error?
Fоr 1A. -1J., identify which is the аpprоpriаte test in eаch оf the following examples. NOT ALL CHOICES NEED BE USED AND THEY MAY BE USED MORE THAN ONCE (Hint: they all are used) 1A.) (Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics) A study is performed to assess the effect of intraoral aging on the setting status of a resin composite and a glass ionomer adhesive (the italicized phrase is ONE treatment) relative to control specimens stored in water. The degree of cure after 6 months was compared between the resin composite and the control. [1a] 1B.) (Journal of Endodonics) The aim was to investigate the incidence of cracks in root dentin after root canal preparation with ProTaper Next, Hyflex, and ProTaper Universal rotary instruments. One-hundred mandibular premolars were selected. Twenty-five teeth were left unprepared and served as a negative control; another 25 teeth were instrumented with the ProTaper Universal system up to size F4 as a positive control, and the remaining 50 teeth were shaped with the following experimental groups with an apical size 40 file: ProTaper Next X4 and HyFlex 40/0.4. After root canal preparation, all of the roots were sectioned perpendicular to the long axis at 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm from the apex, and the sections were then observed under a stereomicroscope. The absence/presence of cracks was recorded. [1b] 1C.) (Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry) The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin-modified glass ionomer and resin cements to commercially pure titanium (CP Ti). Two hundred and forty CP Ti cast disks (9.0 × 3.0 mm) were divided into 8 surface treatment groups (n=30). Each of the 8 surface treatment groups was split into 3 groups to apply different cements. The luting cements 1) RelyX Luting 2; 2) RelyX ARC; or 3) RelyX U100 were applied to the treated CP Ti surfaces (n=10). Shear bond strength (SBS)— a continuous measure--was tested after thermal cycling (5000 cycles, 5°C to 55°C). [1c] 1D.) 100 children of age 5 are recruited for a study that examines the time of first permanent tooth cavity. 50 children will be permitted soft drinks and the other 50 will be prohibited (parents will choose to enroll their child into a group). The patients have a free checkup every year until their first cavity is discovered (which time is noted). The study will be terminated after 10 years. Within the 10 years, 70 children had a permanent tooth cavity and 20 did not complete the protocol. [1d] 1E.) The goal of the study is to find risk factors for the need of wisdom teeth extraction (needed or not). Records of 50 individuals who required extraction and 50 who did not were obtained, and the variables examined were gender, frequency of dental visits, width of mandible, and facial measurements taken at age 13 (because we happen to have it!). [1e] 1F.) 100 individuals of age 20-25 are recruited to study the long term effects of smoking on tooth coloring (assume the color of the tooth can be measured by a greyscale that is a continuous measurement). The individuals are followed over the course of 20 years and they have regular checkups every year to examine the progress of the tooth coloring (or lack thereof. The researchers have 2 questions of interest: is there a difference between smokers and nonsmokers with respect to tooth whiteness? And is there an effect of time on tooth whiteness in general? Assume all 100 people complete the study and are perfect in the protocol [1f] 1G.) The goal is to see if there are any differences in the probe depth (measured in mm) when examining factors of personal oral hygiene and regular dentist visits. 300 people records are examined: 100 floss daily and brush, 100 brush but don’t floss, and 100 do neither. It is believed that yearly dentist cleanings are crucial so patients are labelled as those receiving suggested cleanings and those not. [1g] 1H.) A general exploratory study is performed to attempt to ascertain variables that may be important in the prediction of amount of pain suffered by an individual undergoing a tooth extraction (assume amount of pain is according to the ‘continuous’ VAS scale). Potential variables to be examined are age, presence/absence of allergies, gender, severity of disease, probe depth (if you can’t tell, this is one of the few dental measurements I understand), number of times a tooth extraction has occurred, and blood pressure. [1h] 1I.) Mandibular advancement is an important measure in the understanding of snoring. It is believed that a device can be placed in the mouth while sleeping to slowly cause the mandible to move forward which opens the nasal cavity. 100 patients are recruited and their baseline mandibular advancement is measured. After 3 months of using the device, the mandibular advancement of the same 100 people is measured (in mm). The goal of the study was to show the device yielded at least 3 mm of advancement after the 3 months. [1i] 1J.) A forensic scientist is interested predicting the age of a person by measuring certain facial dimensions and tooth characteristic. All data comes from skeletons with known age in years (or fraction thereof) at death. Measurements of interest are length of the jawbone, percent dental attrition, and pulp length. [1j]