Questiоns 19-30 аre bаsed оn the fоllowing pаssage Toxic Agents in the Environment 1 Determining what types and levels of risk a potential toxicant might pose requires diligent scientific work, both in the laboratory and in the field. Shortly we will look at how scientists study the effects of toxicants in the lab, but first let's quickly survey what kinds of toxic agents exist around us and how they behave and move through the environment. Toxicants come in many different types 2 Toxicants can be classified into different types based on their health effects. The best-known arecarcinogens, chemicals or types of radiation that cause cancer. In cancer, certain malignant cells growuncontrollably, creating tumors, damaging the body's functioning, and often leading to death. In our society today, the greatest number of cancer cases is thought to result from carcinogens contained in cigarette smoke. Carcinogens can be difficult to identify because there may be a long lag time between exposure to the agent and the detectable onset of cancer. Historically, much toxicological work focused on carcinogens. Now, however, we know that toxicants can produce many different types of effects, so scientists have many more endpoints, or health impacts, to look for. 3 Mutagens are chemicals that cause mutations in the DNA of organisms (Chapter 4). Although mostmutations have little or no effect, some can lead to severe problems, including cancer and many otherdisorders. Mutations can harm the individual exposed to the mutagen, or if the mutations occur in sperm or egg cells, then the individual's offspring may suffer the effects. 4 Chemicals that cause harm to the unborn are called teratogens. Teratogens that affect the development of human embryos in the womb can cause birth defects. One example involves the drug thalidomide, developed in the 1950s as a sleeping pill and to prevent nausea during pregnancy. Tragically, the drug turned out to be a powerful teratogen, and its use caused birth defects in thousands of babies. Even a single dose during pregnancy could result in limb deformities and organ defects. Thalidomide was banned in the early 1960s once the connection with birth defects was recognized. Ironically, today the drug shows some promise in treating a wide range of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, AIDS, and various types of cancer. 5 Some toxicants cause harm by affecting the immune system, which protects our bodies from disease. Allergens over-activate the immune system, causing an immune response when one is not necessary. One hypothesis for the increase in asthma in recent years is an increase in allergenic synthetic chemicals in our environment. Other toxicants may weaken the immune system, making the body less able to defend itself against bacteria, viruses, allergy-causing agents, and other attackers. 6 Neurotoxins are also harmful to the body. Neurotoxins, however, assault the nervous system.Neurotoxins include various heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, as well as pesticides and some chemical weapons developed for use in war. A famous case of neurotoxin poisoning occurred in Japan, where a chemical factory dumped mercury waste into Minamata Bay between the 1930s and 1960s. Thousands of people in and around the town on the bay were poisoned by eating fish contaminated with the mercury. First the town's cats began convulsing and dying, and then people began to show odd symptoms including slurred speech, loss of muscle control, sudden fits of laughter, and in some cases death. The company and the government eventually paid out millions of dollars in compensation to affected residents. 7 Most recently, scientists have recognized the importance of endocrine disrupters, toxicants thatinterfere with the endocrine system. The endocrine system consists of a series of chemical messengers(hormones) that travel through the body. Sent through the body at extremely low concentrations, thesemessenger molecules have many vital functions. They stimulate growth development and sexual maturity, and they regulate brain function, appetite, sexual drive, and many other aspects of our physiology and behavior. Hormone-disrupting toxicants can affect an animal's endocrine system in various ways, including blocking the action of hormones or accelerating their breakdown. Many endocrine disrupters possess molecular structures that happen to be very similar to certain hormones in their structure and chemistry. If a molecule is similar enough, it may mimic a hormone and interact with the receptor molecules for that hormone, just as the hormone would. --Brennan, Withgott, Environment, Pearson, 2005, pp. 299-300 Based upon its use in Paragraph 7, the best definition of the word disruptor is
Type аn аpprоpriаte wоrd fоr the blank. 옛날 옛날 먼 옛날에는 ____________와 사람이 친구가 되곤 했었대.
Optiоn = C (fоr Prоf. Schwаrtz... disregаrd) Excelsior Technologies is а tech start up that creates website solutions for businesses. Excelsior has two large clients, one of which is ABC Company. Excelsior is working on a large project for ABC Company which has a due date of 03/15/2025. Unfortunately, the Project Manager anticipates there is a possibility that the project will be delayed. Based on historical experience of other similar projects, the Project Manager has estimated the following for the project for ABC Company: The probability of no delay = 60% The probability of a delay of 5 days = 20% The probability of a delay of 10 days = 15% The probability of a delay of 15 days = 5% Per the terms of the contract with ABC Company > Each day the project is delayed past the 03/15/2025 deadline = $1,000 is taken off of the agreed price of the project (i.e. = every day the project is delayed = $1,000 financial consequence for Excelsior Technologies) ***Hint = remember how we measure severity in the world of risk management!!! Part A: [3 points] From the perspective of Excelsior Technologies: calculate the Expected Value of the financial consequence from the delay of the project past the 03/15/2025 deadline for ABC Company (round to the nearest whole number!!!) (even though you are calculating a "loss" > keep your expected value calculation in POSTIVE numbers) (type your answer in number format > meaning no symbols ($), no commas, no decimals) ANSWER: Expected Value of the financial consequence from the delay of the project for ABC Company = [EXPVAL] Part B: [2 points] Based on the historical experience of other similar projects, the Project Manager has also calculated the following in regard to the project for ABC Company: The variance of the financial consequence from the delay of the project for ABC Company = 20,684,304 squared dollars Take the variance as FACT (you do NOT need to calculate it) From the perspective of Excelsior Technologies: calculate the Standard Deviation of the financial consequence from the delay of the project for ABC Company past the 03/15/2025 deadline. (round to the nearest whole number!!!) (even though you are calculating a "loss" > keep your expected value calculation in POSTIVE numbers) (type your answer in number format > meaning no symbols ($), no commas, no decimals) ANSWER: Standard Deviation of the financial consequence from the delay of the project for ABC Company = [STDDEV] Part C: [5 points] Excelsior Technologies has another large client: XYZ Corporation. Excelsior Technologies is working on a large project for XYZ Corporation as well, which also has a due date of 03/15/2025. The Project Manager of this project also anticipates the possibility the project will be delayed. Based on historical experience of other similar projects, the Project Manager has estimated and calculated the following in regard to the project for XYZ Corporation: The Expected Value of the financial consequence from the delay of the project for BLUE Corporation = $14,958 The Standard Deviation of the financial consequence from the delay of the project for BLUE Corporation = $17,500 (Take these calculations as FACT... meaning you do NOT need to calculate them) The CEO of Excelsior Technologies is concerned about the possible delays on these two key projects: In terms of the key measure of objective risk (the key measure of volatility) > which project faces more uncertainty in terms of financial consequence (loss) from delay? (i.e. = which project should the CEO be more “uncertain” about the outcome?) ANSWER for ABC COMPANY: NUMERICAL VALUE for KEY Measure of Objective Risk = [COVABC] (Round to TWO decimal places) (type your answer in number format > meaning no symbols ($), no commas) ANSWER for XYZ COMPANY: NUMERICAL VALUE for KEY Measure of Objective Risk = [COVXYZ] (Round to TWO decimal places) (type your answer in number format > meaning no symbols ($), no commas) FINAL ANSWER: Which project faces the MOST risk objectively? = [FINALANSWER] Simply type the NUMBER (1, 2, or 3) of your choice: ABC XYZ Cannot be determined
Mаteо hаs been relаtively hesitant tо gо to the doctor’s office in the past, believing he can handle medical issues on his own for the most part. However, he has just received a health insurance policy from his employer that covers all of his doctor’s visits. Nowadays, he goes to the doctor’s office nearly every week, and will even go for slight headaches. What is this most closely an example of?