Sоurce: A Letter frоm Umаr ibn аl-Khаttab, the secоnd caliph, giving advice to a provincial judge. In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Peace be with you. Verily, administration of justice is an obligation, so be aware that pronouncing the verdict without enforcing the judgement is worthless. Be just between the two opponents and the way you seat them so that neither the wealthy take advantage because of their class nor the poor lose faith in your justice. Proof is required from the plaintiff and an oath is required from the defendant and reconciliation is permissible among people... Don’t hesitate to correct your verdict if you found out that a previous judgement was wrong, because it is never too late to reinstate that which is right, and it is always better than perpetuating the wrong. Whenever direct proof for judgement is not found in Qur’an or Sunnah (traditional law) you must thoroughly study it, then look for similar cases and weigh them carefully. Set a time limit for those who need time for proof. If they bring evidence, settle the case for them, and if not, judge against them as this removes doubt. All Muslims testimony is valid except a person who was punished for exceeding the limits of God (convicted of a crime) or a person who is known to have borne false witness or one who is a hypocrite. Verily, God multiplies the reward for putting justice where it belongs. And whoever obeys his good intention and disregards the call of his desires, God will take care of his relations with people. And whoever shows a face different from what he hides, God will uncover his veil and he will be disgraced. QUESTIONS: 1. What advice does Caliph Umar give about administering justice? 2. How does he relate the law to religion? 3. How does this relate to other law codes we have read about? Your answer must be in your own words- do not use direct quotes. Your answer must be a minimum of 100 words.