The аnаtоmicаl area between the pоsteriоr vestibule and the anus.
Whаt is the primаry purpоse оf а nutritiоn assessment?
The NP wаnts tо plаn а cоmmunity service prоject to address preventing the most commonly diagnosed cancer in males residing in the US. The NP would focus the project on: prostate cancer. What is the term for the process by which stem cell becomes a more specialized cell type? Differentiation Telomerase helps cancer cells divide continuously. A patient with a history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is diagnosed with colorectal carcinoma. IBD can lead to cancer development primarily due to: manipulation of macrophages, lymphocytes, and other inflammatory cells. A scientist is studying the genetics and molecular pathways of different cancers and identifies a genetic mutation. According to the study, if one allele of this gene is mutated, the patient does NOT develop cancer. However, if 2 alleles are mutated, the patient often develops cancer. Which of the following genes is likely being studied in this experiment? tP53 A patient with metastatic renal carcinoma is not responding as anticipated to chemotherapy, due to the drug getting trapped in the extracellular matrix and being unable to infiltrate the tumor cells. Which of the following cells is responsible for occurrence? Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) Which of the following assist cancer cells with initiation of angiogenesis? Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α The NP is sitting on a health-advisory community board which is planning a healthy booth to promote evidence based cancer screenings event at the local fair. Based on national guidelines, which of the following screenings would the NP recommend? Supply women and men 45 and older, fecal immunochemical testing stool cards (which can be submitted to the local hospital as convenient) and information about colonoscopies or stool DNA testing. A patient was recently diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia related to an unregulated protein tyrosine kinase. Which of the following is likely responsible for this cancer? Chromosome translocation To avoid immune detection, a cancer cell has down-regulated major histocompatibility class-1 (MHC-1). Which immune cell should still be effective against this cancer cell? Natural Killer cell Genetic mutations in oncogenes & tumor-suppressor genes can contribute to the majority basal & squamous cell skin cancers through which of the following mechanisms? Loss of keratinocyte repair function A patient with liver cancer is found to have elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). What is the significance of this finding in the context of cancer pathophysiology?Elevated AFP levels suggest active tumor growth and can be used as a tumor marker. A patient is receiving CAR T (chimeric antigen receptor) cells cancer treatment for their ALL (acute lymphocytic leukemia). These cells are effective against the cancer cells because they: recognize non-presented surface molecules. A patient has been diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma on their lip. Which of the following risks or behaviors likely contributed to this disease? UV light exposure & Pipe smoking A patient has been diagnosed with ovarian carcinoma. She takes no medications other than palliative chemotherapy and multivitamins. She has no history of other chronic diseases. She is hospitalized after she becomes somnolent. Laboratory studies suggest symptoms are related to a low glucose of 28. Which of the following most likely explains these findings? Paraneoplastic syndrome The NP's patient has been diagnosed with stage I breast cancer. The NP would expect the patient to have which of the following treatments? Surgery Which type of cells are primarily involved in the reverse Warburg effect? Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) What organs develop from the mesoderm germ layer?bone, blood, & gonad The NP has obtained a dietary history from a patient who although in a healthy weight range, admits to eating meat daily, most often meats such as Italian sausage, salamis, bratwursts, steaks, and bacon. The NP realizes this increases the patient's risk for many diseases, include colon cancer. Eating such foods increases the risk of cancer because: synthesis of higher levels of heme iron which activates oxidative stress and inflammation & creation of nitrogenous residues in the colon that can cause DNA damage. The NP sent the patient for CT of the abdomen due to abdominal pain. The patient's pain was felt to be related to constipation, however the CT imaging incidentally found a hepatic hemangioma. The NP's next step should be: Educate the patient that the test found a benign tumor. A patient with prostate cancer is found to have a mutation in the PTEN gene. What is one way this mutation contribute to cancer progression? It loses the ability to suppress tumors and is unable to regulate the Atk/PKB pathway. Where do most pediatric cancers originate from? mesodermal germ layer Matching: Intravasion = Entry and movement of cancer cells through the vasculature Extravasion = Cancer cells adhering to new locations Colonization = Tumor develops at new site Pre-metastatic Niche = Supportive environment for cancer cells in a new tissue tP53 = Detects DNA damage in many cell types & signals to other genes for their repair RB1 = Stops progression from GI to S preventing replication of damaged DNA MYC = Governs the transcription of cell cycle regulators; cyclins RAS = regulates protein signaling through phosphorylation cascade & induces MYC More Matching: congenital factors with the associated childhood cancer. Meningioma or acoustic neuroma = Neurofibromatosis Type II Leukemia = Down Syndrome Wilms Tumor = Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome Lymphoma & Brain tumors = Ataxia-telangiectasia Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) influences cancer cells in which way? Increases metastatic potential of cancer cells. The NP sees the following lesion on the patient's skin/nose:The lesion is likely due to an overexpression of which signaling pathway? Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) Which class of gene is responsible for stimulating cell division & inhibiting cell differentiation? proto-oncogene The NP assesses the following lesion: The NP believes this represents: a superficial spreading melanoma (this picture was directly from the textbook) A cellular researcher visualizes the telomeres on the end of the chromosome of an intestinal epithelial cell was quite short in duration. The researcher suspects the cell will: enter senescence. Which of the following organ systems is most at risk for adverse side effects due to chemotherapy agents? hematological system The extracellular matrix (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY): interacts with cells through surface receptors & provides structural support to cells The NP reads a pathology report and notes the biopsied tumor cells are poorly differentiated. This means the cells: are less specialized. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) typically impact immune responses in which of the following ways? blocking T-cytotoxic cells The NP sees the patient has a history helicobacter pylori infection; the patient is an increased risk for: stomach (gastric) cancers A 65-year-old male with advanced lung cancer presents with significant weight loss, muscle wasting, and fatigue. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of cancer cachexia? Increased inflammatory cytokines and proteolysis The NP is seeing a patient with stage II non-small-cell lung cancer. Which of the following would represent the patient's stage II cancer? T2, N0, M0 The tP53 gene checks for DNA damage at the G1-S phase (please note it activates the RB1-gene). Which of the following cells binds to cancer cell antigens via the major histocompatibility class-1 (MHC-1) and signals apoptosis? Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells The nurse educator would prepare students who will be spending time on the oncology unit, that the most common cancer is children ages 0-14 years of age is: leukemia. The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome tagged a cyclin protein with ubiquitin at the completion of the M phase of the cell cycle, this results in: Progressing the cell cycle to the G1 phase. A male patient was complaining of severe back pain. The NP is concerned the symptoms represent metastatic disease of the lumbar vertebral bones. The NP would be most concerned the patient had: prostate cancer The NP who sees pediatric patients would see the most cancer cases in which age demographic population(s)? Ages < 5 years of age AND 15 to 19 years-old Which of the following is characteristic of cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition during wound healing? increased migration capabilities A patient has a a mutation of their BRCA-1 gene. A mutation in this gene means certain cells have a higher risk to: fail to correct DNA errors. A patient had her breast cancer tumor resected. Testing showed no signs of metastasis & suggested all cancer cells had been successfully removed. However 18 months later, the NP orders a chest x-ray, which suggest the patient returns with metastatic disease in her lungs. Which of the following explains this late reoccurrence? Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) were active. A patient with pancreatic cancer is found to have a mutation in the RAS (KRAS) gene. How does the mutation contribute to pancreatic cancer development? It results in the continuous activation of cell proliferation pathways. Autophagy plays a role in cancer metabolism or growth by:degrading MHC-1 receptors. The cell duplicates a full copy of DNA during which cellular phase? S
Yоu аre cаring fоr а patient whо underwent surgery 48 hours ago. Upon assessment, you determine that the wound looks red and swollen, but no drainage or elevated temperature are noted. You should: