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Representаtive Jоy Sunshine, а member оf the Beаchtоwn City Council, wrote and sponsored the Beachcombing Bill, which originally read as follows: “Gathering natural items from the beach for resale is hereby prohibited and punishable by a $500 fine.” In her speech introducing this legislation, Rep. Sunshine said, “Our beloved public beaches are being harmed by professional beachcombers. These unscrupulous people stalk up and down the beaches on a daily basis, collecting dozens or even hundreds of the most beautiful seashells to sell for personal profit instead of leaving them to be viewed and appreciated by everyone who visits the beach. This despicable practice must be stopped!” Representative Shelly Shore responded with a different point of view. In her speech, she said, “While all of us can surely agree that the natural beauty of our beaches must be protected, we should also recognize that beachcombing is a time-honored tradition and contributes to our local economy. Several beloved members of our community routinely gather seashells and other items from the beach to sell in their local shops. I believe that by working together, we can find a solution that mitigates the harms of beachcombing without banning the practice entirely.” The bill was sent to the Environmental Committee, which held hearings and a markup session. The Committee eventually settled on the following text, which was passed into law with no changes: Beachcombing Act of 2025 (1) Any person who gathers items from the beach for resale must either: (a) Pay a fee of $1 per item to the Beach Maintenance Fund, OR (b) Collect and properly dispose of five (5) items of trash from the beach for every one (1) resale item taken. (2) Definitions: For purposes of this Act, (a) “Items” means any shells, fossils, driftwood, sea glass, rocks, jewelry, clothing, sports equipment, toys, or other unowned or abandoned objects found on the beach. (b) “For resale” means that the items are gathered by any person or persons with the intent to sell or trade those items to any tourist, shop, or distributor. (c) “Trash” means any item that detracts from a clean, pleasant, and environmentally healthy beach environment and that was not placed there intentionally by the government or the private owner of the land on which it was found. (3) Nothing in this Act shall be construed to prohibit collecting a small number of items from the beach as souvenirs. The Committee wrote a report to explain the changes it made to the bill text. The report reads, in part, “The Beachcombing Act strikes a balance between protecting our beaches and promoting economic activity. Rather than criminalizing and punishing beachcombing, the Act requires contributions back to the community in the form of either funding for the Beach Maintenance Fund or direct trash removal. For professional beachcombers, who often take saleable items from the beach in bulk, this will lead to a substantial increase in cleanup activity and/or funding for cleanup activity.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines “trash (n.)” as: 1: something worth little or nothing; junk, rubbish 2: something in a crumbled or broken condition Mike Smith is a tourist who visits Beachtown for a weekend with his family. He has just received a metal detector as a birthday present from his wife, Mary. He uses the metal detector at the beach and discovers a gold bracelet, a silver dollar minted in 1920, a stainless steel money clip holding four twenty-dollar bills, and a rusty spoon. Mike throws the rusty spoon in the trash, pockets the four twenty-dollar bills, and sells the silver dollar and the money clip at Peter’s Pawn Shop. He gives the gold bracelet to his wife, telling her, “This should cover the cost of the metal detector!” While Mike is metal detecting, Mary and their kids make a mixed-media collage of objects they find on the beach, gluing those objects to a piece of poster board. The items in the collage are: ten seashells, three seagull feathers, a piece of dried seaweed, a bottle cap, a plastic candy wrapper, the handle from a plastic toy bucket, a torn off corner of a towel, and a handful of scattered sand to provide a textured background. The kids argued over an additional five seashells: Matt wanted to add those to the collage as well, but Megan said they were broken and too ugly to be art. The argument ended when Mary, fed up with their bickering, tossed the five contested shells into the trash can in their hotel room. The kids originally planned to keep the collage as a memento of their trip, but when they show it to the pawn shop owner, Peter, during Mike’s negotiation over his metal detection items, he offers to trade them a used remote-control toy shark in exchange for it. The kids agree to the deal, and Peter hangs the collage in his shop as an art piece not for sale to customers. Mike posts a thorough description of his family’s vacation activities on social media, complete with photos of his metal detector finds and the collage Mary and the kids made. He tags the Beachtown Public Beach as a location on the post, which brings it to the attention of the Beachtown Police. The City of Beachtown then sends the Smith family an itemized bill for fees they incurred under the Beachcombing Act of 2025. It reads as follows: Gold bracelet: $1Silver dollar: $1Money clip: $1Four twenty-dollar bills: $4Fifteen seashells: $15Three feathers: $3Three ounces sand: $3Seaweed: $1Trash Credit: -$1 (5 items: spoon, handle, bottle cap, candy wrapper, fabric scrap) Total Fee: $28 The Smith family asks you to advise them on what arguments they can make in court to lower their beachcombing bill. Write a memo assessing all arguments available to them and their likelihood of success.