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Answer 10 оf the 15 Essаy questiоns belоw. In eаch Answer Box, you MUST specify which question you аre answering! Male barn swallows have thin outer tail feathers that are somewhat longer than those possessed by females. When Anders Møller analyzed the effect of tail length on male mating success in the barn swallow in Europe, he did an experiment in which he randomly assigned males to one of three groups: he made some males’ tail feathers shorter by trimming them and made other males’ tail feathers longer by gluing feather sections onto their tails. But he also created a group in which he cut off parts of the males’ tail feathers and then simply glued the fragments back on to produce a tail of unchanged length. What was the point of this group? And why did he randomly assign his subjects to the shortened, lengthened, and unchanged tail groups? Describe an animal that uses aposematic coloration. What is the function of this coloration and who is the intended receiver? What are two similarities and two differences between dispersal and migration? Provide examples of how the abiotic environment can influence the evolution of visual and chemical signaling. Define “extra-pair copulations” and provide an example of one potential cost and one potential benefit to engaging in this behavior. Identify one factor that can confound a study of human behavior and explain how twin studies can potentially mitigate this confounding factor. Explain why monogamy is often favored in resource-poor environments. Which mating system may be favored in high-quality environment and why? Describe the “Win-Stay-Lose-Shift” hypothesis for dispersal patterns. What assumptions are involved in the hypothesis that explain this behavioral pattern? Explain how inbreeding and outbreeding can play a role in dispersal behavior. Territoriality can be a risky strategy! Explain two potential benefits and two potential costs of territoriality. Provide an example of alternative mating tactics (hypothetical or real). Your example must include the term conditional strategy, including a definition for that term. How do signalers protect themselves from being exploited by unintended listeners? Give an example. How do listeners protect themselves from being exploited by dishonest signalers? Give an example. Researchers found that although female Mexican free-tailed bats usually feed their own pups, they do make occasional “mistakes,” which they could have avoided by leaving the pup in a spot by itself instead of in a crèche with hundreds of other babies. Does this mean that the parental behavior of this species is not adaptive? Use a cost–benefit approach to develop alternative hypotheses to account for these “mistakes.” Describe the win stay-lose shift dispersal pattern. What assumptions are involved in the hypothesis that explains this behavioral pattern? Is there a hypothesis or theory that we discussed in this course that has not been referenced in this exam that particularly interests you? If so, describe it and a related study/organism that was used to support this theory.