Which is nоt а cоre chаrаcteristic оf authentic learning?
The Elephаnts оf Sаmburu An Encоunter аt Sunset [A] Late оne afternoon, biologist Iain Douglas-Hamilton stopped by my tent and asked if I wanted to drive out and see some elephants before sunset. I asked him if he would like to take a walk instead. I knew that walking around the reserve could be risky, but surely we could at least climb the little hill just behind camp. He agreed, and we did. The view of the river from the top was magnificent. Just north of us was a larger hill known as Sleeping Elephant. I asked him if he had ever climbed that one. He told me he hadn't, but, with a mischievous look in his eye, said that we could. [B] We walked toward Sleeping Elephant: two middle-aged white men and a young Samburu man named Mwaniki. We walked only five minutes before we saw a female elephant with two babies ahead of us. We paused, admiring these noble creatures from a safe distance until they seemed to withdraw, and then we went on, unable to foresee that our lives were in danger. Seconds later, we looked up to see the female staring angrily at us from 70 meters away. Her ears were spread wide, showing us her agitation. [C] Mwaniki and I turned and ran, and we managed to put a safe distance between us and the elephant. Mwaniki continued to run all the way back to camp to get help. At first, Douglas-Hamilton also turned and ran - then thought better of it, turned back, threw his arms out, and yelled to stop the elephant. Sometimes this works, but the female kept coming. Douglas-Hamilton turned again and ran, but the elephant caught him as he tried to evade her. She lifted him and then threw him as he yelled for help. She stepped forward and stabbed her sharp, rigid tusks downward at him. Then she backed off about ten steps and paused. This was the moment, he told me later, when he had time to wonder whether he would die. [D] I ran back to Douglas-Hamilton, and to my surprise, he wasn't dead. After stabbing at him once and missing, the elephant had turned away. She went off to find her babies. Douglas-Hamilton was scratched, but not badly hurt; his shoes, glasses, and watch were gone, but he was OK. He stood up. Then a dozen people arrived from camp, and helped retrieve his things. [E] Afterwards, Douglas-Hamilton and I hypothesized about what had triggered the attack. It was possible that we surprised her. Perhaps it was her mother's instinct to defend her calves. It was also conceivable that she had recently been frightened by a lion and was in an agitated state. The more difficult question, however, was why, at the last minute, did she decide not to kill him? I suppose we will never know, but I like to think that, after confusing him with an enemy, she finally recognized in Douglas-Hamilton a genuine friend of elephants. Saving the Elephants [F] "If you had asked me when I was ten years old what I wanted to do," Douglas-Hamilton says, "I'd have said: I want to have an airplane; I want to fly around Africa and save the animals." Later, while studying zoology at Oxford University, he found his goals hadn't changed. "Science for me was a passport to the bush," he says, "not the other way around. I became a scientist so I could live a life in Africa and be in the bush." [G] Early in his career in Africa, he went to Tanzania as a research volunteer in Lake Manyara National Park. He bought himself a small airplane, which he could use for tracking elephants. There at Manyara, Douglas-Hamilton did the first serious study of elephant social structure and spatial behavior (which includes where they go and how long they stay there) using a radio tracking system. He also became the first elephant researcher to focus closely on living individual animals, not just trends within populations or the analysis of dead animals. He got to know individual elephants and their personalities, gave them names, and watched their social interactions. [H] Then came the difficult years of the late 1970s and '80s, when Douglas-Hamilton sounded the alarm against the widespread killing of African elephants. The killing was driven by a sudden sharp rise in the price of ivory and made easy by the widespread availability of automatic weapons. Douglas-Hamilton calculated elephant losses throughout Africa at somewhere above 100,000 animals annually. He decided to do something. [I] With funding from several conservation NGOs, Douglas-Hamilton organized an immensely ambitious survey of elephant populations throughout the continent. From the results, compiled in 1979, he figured that Africa then contained about 1.3 million elephants, but that the number was declining at too fast a rate. Some experts in the field disagreed, and the struggle between the two sides over elephant conservation policy in the 1980s became known as the Ivory Wars. [J] Douglas-Hamilton spent years investigating the status of elephant populations in Zaire, South Africa, Gabon, and elsewhere, both up in his airplane and on the ground. He flew into Uganda during the chaos that followed the collapse of the government of the time and saw the bodies of slaughtered elephants all over the national parks. "It was a dreadful time. I really spent a terrible 20 years doing that," he says now. However, his work helped greatly to support the 1989 decision under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species to abolish the international sale of ivory. [K] In 1997, Douglas-Hamilton came to Samburu National Reserve in Kenya. By that time, he had established his own research and conservation organization, Save the Elephants. Today, he divides his time between teaching a new generation of elephantologists and studying the movement of elephants using global positioning system (GPS) technology. The data he acquires from elephants wearing GPS collars is used by the Kenya Wildlife Service to provide better wildlife-management and land-protection advice to the government. Save the Elephants now has GPS tracking projects not just in Kenya but also in Mali, South Africa, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. [L] Following the attack outside his camp, Douglas-Hamilton was able, using his equipment, to identify the elephant that threatened him as Diana, one of the females from a herd he had been tracking for some time. Diana was just like any other elephant - sensitive, unpredictable, and complex. Although her behavior on that afternoon had been violent, at the last moment she had made a choice. And not even Iain Douglas-Hamilton, with all his modern equipment and years of experience, can know exactly why she attacked him - or why she let him live. Which of the following words in paragraph F has a root that means study of?
Building the Ark [A] When the Cincinnаti Zоо оpened its gаtes in 1875, there were perhаps as many as a million Sumatran rhinos foraging in forests from Bhutan to Borneo. Today, there may be fewer than a hundred left in the world. Three of these were born in Cincinnati - a female named Suci and her brothers, Harapan and Andalas. In 2007, the zoo sent Andalas to Sumatra, where he has since sired a calf at Way Kambas National Park. If the species escapes extinction, it will in no small part be thanks to the work done at the zoo. And what goes for the Sumatran rhino goes for a growing list of species saved from oblivion. As the wild shrinks, zoos are increasingly being looked to as modern-day arks: the last refuge against a rising tide of extinction. Who to Save? [B] From the early 19th century, American zoos were involved in animal conservation. At the end of the century, the Cincinnati Zoo tried - unsuccessfully - to breed passenger pigeons, whose numbers were in rapid decline. (The bird thought to be the very last passenger pigeon, named Martha, died at the zoo in 1914; the building where she lived is now a memorial.) And in the early 20th century, when one count showed just 325 wild American bison left in North America, the Bronx Zoo started a captive-breeding program that helped save the species. Other animals that owe their existence to captive-breeding efforts are the Arabian oryx, the black-footed ferret, the red wolf, the Guam rail, and the California condor. [C] Because such programs tend to be expensive - the condor program costs participating institutions up to two million dollars a year - they're usually led by large, big-city zoos, but smaller zoos are increasingly joining in. The Miller Park Zoo in Bloomington, Illinois, is one of the smallest zoos in the United States, at just four acres. However, it has bred red wolves and is hoping to breed the endangered Mount Graham red squirrel. "It's a small animal that doesn't require a huge amount of space," said zoo official Jay Tetzloff. [D] But zoos also have to financially support themselves, and small animals just don't attract the crowds necessary to keep business in the black. Robert Lacy, a conservation biologist at the Chicago Zoological Society, says that zoos are going to have to make some really difficult decisions. "Do you save a small number of large animals–the crowd favorites–or do you focus on saving a whole lot more little, unpopular creatures for the same amount of money?" he asks. [E] Right now, the world's most threatened group of animals are probably amphibians. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)–which maintains what's known as the Red List–more than a third of the world's frog, toad, and salamander species are at risk of extinction. Unfortunately for them, amphibians are far less popular than zoo species such as pandas or lions, which are not yet facing imminent extinction in the wild. But there are advantages to being small. For one thing, a whole population of amphibians can be kept in less space than that required by a single rhinoceros. [F] Others question whether zoos should devote resources to species, large or small, that are doing fine on their own. "I think it's a bit of a cop-out to say the public wants to see x, y, or z," says Onnie Byers, chair of the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, part of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. "Plenty of species need exactly the expertise that zoos can provide. I would love to see a trend toward zoos phasing out species that don't need that care and using the spaces for species that do." Small Victories [G] "It's an amazing responsibility to have half the remaining members of a species in your care," says Jim Breheny, the director of the Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo. He's standing in a state-of-the-art breeding facility filled with tanks of Kihansi spray toads - small, yellow amphibians about 2.5 centimeters (one inch) long. [H] Depending on how you look at things, the Kihansi spray toad is either one of the most unfortunate or one of the luckiest species around. Until the late 1990s, the Kihansi spray toad was unknown to science. It was not actually identified until a hydroelectric project was already destroying its tiny habitat - five acres of mist-soaked land in the Kihansi River Gorge, in eastern Tanzania. In 2000, recognizing that the project would probably harm the newly discovered species, the Tanzanian government invited the Bronx Zoo to collect some of the toads. Exactly 499 spray toads were captured and kept in the Bronx and Toledo Zoos in the United States. Just nine years later, as a result of disease and habitat destruction, the Kihansi spray toad was declared extinct in the wild. [I] In the meantime, the zoos were struggling to figure out how to recreate the habitat that gives the spray toad its name. In the Kihansi River Gorge, a series of waterfalls had provided the toads with constant spray, so the tanks in the Bronx were provided with spray in the same way. Among amphibians, Kihansi toads are unusual in that the young are born live: At birth, they are no bigger than a match head. For the tiny young, the zoo had to find even tinier prey; eventually, they settled on tiny insect-like animals called springtails, which the researchers also had to figure out how to raise. But then keepers noticed that the toads seemed to be suffering from a nutritional deficiency, so a special vitamin supplement had to be designed. [J] After some initial losses, the toads began to thrive and reproduce. By 2010, there were several thousand of them in New York and Toledo, so that year a hundred toads were sent back to the Kihansi River Gorge. But there was a problem: By diverting water from the falls, the hydroelectric project had eliminated the mist that the toads depend on. So the Tanzanians set up a system to restore the spray to the gorge. In 2012, the first toads bred in the Bronx Zoo were released back into the wild. The Frozen Zoo [K] But for every success story like the Kihansi toad, there are dozens of other species on the edge of extinction. Many of these–the Sumatran orangutan, the Amur leopard, a songbird from the island of Kauai, and a thousand other species–can be found in a single room at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research. Vials containing cells from each of these animals are being kept in a bath of liquid nitrogen where the temperature is minus 200°C. These thousands of identical-looking frozen vials represent what might be described as a beyond-the-last-ditch conservation effort: the Frozen Zoo. [L] For now, at least, only one of the animals in the Frozen Zoo is actually extinct: the po‘ouli, a fat bird with a sweet black face and a light-colored chest that lived on the Hawaiian island of Maui until 2004. But it seems safe to predict that in the coming years, more and more will become extinct. [M] "I think there are going to be more and more species where the only living material left is going to be cells in the Frozen Zoo," says Oliver Ryder, the institute's director of genetics. Native to central Africa, the northern white rhino is down to its last two females, after the death in 2018 of the last living male. The extinction of the species is, at this point, considered inevitable. After the two last rhinos die, they will, in a way, live on–one last hope, suspended in a frozen cloud. The Photo Ark The Photo Ark is a 20-year-long documentary project founded by National Geographic photographer and fellow Joel Sartore. It is an extensive online archive of studio-quality photographs of animals around the world, from the largest carnivores to the smallest insects - all to showcase biodiversity. "We stand to lose half of all the planet's species by the turn of the next century," says Sartore. "The Photo Ark seeks to document as many of these as possible, using captive animals as ambassadors." More than 9,500 species have already been photographed since the project began, and Sartore plans to continue documenting all of the roughly 12,000 species inhabiting zoos, aquariums, and breeding centers around the world. Sadly, several of the animals he photographed have already become extinct. The goal of the project is to bring amazing images of animals to the public eye in order to inspire people everywhere to care about these species - and to do something to help save them before it's too late. "People won't work to save something if they don't know it exists," Sartore says. "That's where these photos come in." According to paragraph B, what does a captive-breeding program do?
Vоcаbulаry, Units 6A аnd 6B Fоllоw the instructions provided for each question.