Which оf the fоllоwing is NOT true of the Enlightenment?
Hоw dоes the аrrаngement оf electrons in orbitаls affect the chemical properties of an atom?
OpenAI Bаns ChаtGPT Accоunts Used by Chinese Grоup fоr Spy Tools Source: https://www.securityweek.com/openаi-bans-chatgpt-accounts-used-by-chinese-group-for-spy-tools/ OpenAI has released another report describing the actions it took recently to prevent the abuse of its artificial intelligence services by the United States’ adversaries and other threat actors. The AI company’s threat intelligence report for February highlights two operations that are believed to have been conducted by Chinese threat actors. In one of these operations, dubbed ‘Peer Review’ by OpenAI, ChatGPT accounts were leveraged to aid the development and distribution of spying tools. According to OpenAI, ChatGPT was used to edit and debug code for what appeared to be AI tools designed to ingest and analyze posts and comments from social media platforms (including X, Facebook, Telegram, Instagram, YouTube and Reddit) in search of conversations on Chinese political and social topics. “Again according to the descriptions, one purpose of this tooling was to identify social media conversations related to Chinese political and social topics – especially any online calls to attend demonstrations about human rights in China – and to feed the resulting insights to Chinese authorities,” OpenAI explained. The threat actor also used ChatGPT to generate descriptions and sales pitches for these tools. While the surveillance tools appeared to leverage AI, OpenAI said they are not actually powered by the company’s services — ChatGPT was only used for debugging and creating promotional materials. The same group also used ChatGPT to conduct research, translate and analyze screenshots of English-language documents, and generate comments about Chinese dissident organizations. The chatbot was also abused for a different China-linked operation that involved generating social media content written in English and long-form news articles written in Spanish. Some evidence suggests that this activity may be part of the disinformation campaign named Spamouflage. OpenAI’s latest report also reveals that the company has shut down some accounts that may have been used in support of North Korea’s fake IT worker scheme. OpenAI previously reported shutting down ChatGPT accounts used by Iranian hackers to conduct research into attacking industrial control systems (ICS). Based on the article "OpenAI Bans ChatGPT Accounts Used by Chinese Group for Spy Tools" (Source: SecurityWeek) analyzes the cybersecurity threats associated with the misuse of AI systems like ChatGPT. Using the STRIDE threat model, identify and enumerate at least two main threats relevant to this scenario. For each identified threat, please refer to specific OWASP Top Ten entries to explain the techniques and impacts associated with these threats. Your response should show advanced critical thinking, be supported by scholarly references, and follow cybersecurity best practices. Observation 1: The threat enumeration must contain the following information: Threat Name: A concise description of the threat. STRIDE classification Description: A more detailed explanation of the threat. Affected Components: The parts of the system that could be affected. Potential Impact: The consequences if the threat is realized. Observation 2: Avoid generic and vague explanations or references. References websites: https://www.securityweek.com/openai-bans-chatgpt-accounts-used-by-chinese-group-for-spy-tools/ https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/ https://cwe.mitre.org/ https://www.cve.org/ Rubric Threat Identification and Relevance Level Description Points Excellent Accurately identifies two distinct threats from STRIDE directly relevant to the misuse of AI in the given scenario. Clear and specific descriptions are provided. 8-10 Average Identifies two threats from STRIDE, but descriptions are somewhat generic or not fully aligned with the AI misuse context. Some details are unclear or lacking depth. 4-7 Poor Identifies only one or irrelevant threats, with vague or inaccurate descriptions. Little to no connection to the given AI misuse scenario. 0-3 Application of OWASP Level Description Points Excellent Correctly references at least one OWASP Top Ten category for each threat. Explanations are precise, clearly linked to the case, and demonstrate advanced insight. 8-10 Average References OWASP frameworks, but with minor inaccuracies or generic descriptions. Connections to the scenario could be more specific. 4-7 Poor Missing, incorrect, or irrelevant references to OWASP frameworks. Descriptions are vague, incomplete, or unrelated to the case study. 0-3
A distributed, reаl-time mоnitоring system fоr а criticаl infrastructure network leverages MQTT for data dissemination between sensor nodes, edge computing devices, and a central control server. While MQTT's lightweight nature and publish/subscribe architecture offer advantages for resource-constrained environments, they also introduce unique security and privacy challenges within the CPS. Analyze and discuss the inherent vulnerabilities of this MQTT-based CPS, focusing on the following: Elaborate on the specific properties of CPS (e.g., real-time constraints, physical coupling, resource limitations, potential for cascading failures) and how they influence the attack surfaces associated with MQTT communication. Discuss how integrating physical processes with cyber components exacerbates the impact of vulnerabilities in the MQTT protocol, considering the potential for direct physical harm and indirect disruptions to critical services. Discuss how the publish/subscribe nature of MQTT might create unique privacy issues, such as traffic analysis or the inference of sensitive information from message patterns, and how the CPS environment impacts this. Observation 1: Use the taxonomy provided by STRIDE to discourse about the attack surfaces. Observation 2: Do not use vague or generic answers. For example, when you analyze the MQTT, explain the protocol's real issues and vulnerabilities. Rubric CPS Properties and Attack Surfaces (10 Points) Good (6-10 Points): - Provides a precise and detailed analysis of relevant CPS properties (real-time constraints, physical coupling, resource limitations, potential for cascading failures) and their impact on MQTT attack surfaces. - Effectively applies the STRIDE taxonomy (Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information Disclosure, Denial of Service, Elevation of Privilege) to identify specific attack surfaces related to MQTT in the CPS context. - Demonstrates a deep understanding of how specific CPS properties (e.g., tight coupling between cyber and physical) amplify specific STRIDE threats (e.g., tampering of sensor data leading to physical damage). - Provides concrete examples of specific attack vectors related to the specific CPS being described. Average (3-5 Points): - Identifies some relevant CPS properties and their general impact on MQTT security. - Attempts to use the STRIDE taxonomy but may lack depth or accuracy in application. - Provides a general discussion of attack surfaces but may not fully connect them to specific CPS properties. - Provides some examples, but they may be generic or lack detail. Poor (0-2 Points): - Fails to identify or accurately describe relevant CPS properties. - Demonstrates a limited understanding or misapplication of the STRIDE taxonomy. - Provides vague or inaccurate descriptions of attack surfaces. - Relies on generic statements without concrete examples. Physical Impact of Cyber Vulnerabilities (10 Points) Good (5-10 Points): - Provides a detailed and nuanced discussion of how vulnerabilities in the MQTT protocol can lead to direct physical harm and indirect disruptions to critical services. - Demonstrates a clear understanding of the causal relationships between cyberattacks and physical consequences. - Provides specific examples of how exploiting MQTT vulnerabilities (e.g., unauthorized control commands, manipulated sensor data) can lead to physical damage or service disruptions. - Demonstrates understanding of the time constraints related to the CPS, and how that impacts the physical world. Average (2-4 Points): · Provides a general discussion of the potential physical impact of cyber vulnerabilities. · May lack specific examples or detailed explanations of causal relationships. · Provides some understanding of the physical impact, but it may be superficial. Poor (0-1 Points): · Fails to adequately address the physical impact of cyber vulnerabilities. · Provides vague or inaccurate statements. · Demonstrates a lack of understanding of the connection between cyber and physical systems. Privacy Implications of MQTT and CPS Impact (10 Points) Good (5-10 Points): · Provides a thorough analysis of the privacy implications of MQTT in a CPS context, focusing on traffic analysis and the inference of sensitive information from message patterns. · Demonstrates a deep understanding of how the publish/subscribe nature of MQTT creates unique privacy challenges. · Explains how the CPS environment (e.g., sensor deployment, data aggregation) amplifies these privacy risks. · Provides specific examples of how an adversary could infer private information from MQTT traffic within the context of the defined CPS. · Discusses the tradeoffs between privacy and security within the CPS. Average (2-4 Points): · Identifies some privacy implications of MQTT but may lack depth or detail. · Provides a general discussion of traffic analysis and information inference. · May not fully connect privacy risks to the specific characteristics of the CPS environment. · Provides limited examples. Poor (0-1 Points): · Fails to adequately address the privacy implications of MQTT. · Provides vague or inaccurate statements. · Demonstrates a lack of understanding of privacy principles in a CPS context.