In the cоntext оf prenаtаl develоpment, the fetаl stage lasts from:
Eysenck fоcused оn the relаtiоnships between two personаlity trаits: __________ and emotional stability–instability.
Cоurse Objective 1: Anаtоmy & Physiоlogy cаtecholаmines = arousal (wake) histamine = arousal (wake) adenosine = sleep promoting melatonin = sleep promoting Stress A&P A woman's health nurse practitioner student notices her patient is experiencing anxiety and fear at the thought of having a pelvic exam. The student recognizes that the portion or region of the brain that is most responsible for initiation and control of emotional response is the limbic system. A student is pulling an all-nighter studying. Cortisol is secreted during this stressful time frame to maximize available glucose for the brain & body by promoting increased insulin secretion. The PMHNP's client is extremely anxious and vital signs show the patient is mildly tachycardic and complaining of their heart "beating harder". This is likely a result of catecholamines on his β1 receptors. β1 receptors when stimulated increase heart rate & force of contraction. A patient experiencing chronic stress presents with elevated cortisol levels and disrupted sleep patterns. Which physiological pathway is primarily responsible for this response? The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. A patient presents with elevated heart rate, dilated pupils, and dry mouth during a stressful event. Later, they report fatigue and increased digestive activity. Which of the following best explains the roles of the autonomic nervous system branches in this response? The sympathetic nervous system initiated the stress response, and the parasympathetic system helped restore homeostasis afterward. The nurse is administering immunizations per the order of the PNP. The toddler is upset, screaming, fighting the nurse & the parents with great strength, during the injections. The toddler's adrenal medulla is secreting epinephrine due to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Interleukins (IL-1, Il-6) and interferons (IFN) can be released in acute stress. These chemicals are examples of chemicals released by the immune system during stress or immune reactions. A patient recovering from surgery has elevated cortisol levels due to prolonged stress. The nurse practitioner explains that the body normally regulates cortisol through a negative feedback loop. Which of the following best describes how this feedback mechanism works? Elevated cortisol levels inhibit the release of CRH and ACTH, reducing further cortisol secretion. Cortisol is regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. When cortisol levels rise, they signal the hypothalamus to reduce CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) and the pituitary to reduce ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), thereby decreasing further cortisol production. This feedback helps maintain hormonal balance and prevents excessive stress responses. The NP is going to prescribe a medication know as an alpha1 (α1) -blocker, or in other words when the medication is taken, some of the α1-receptors will be blocked & be unable to be stimulated. Taking an α1-blocker would result in a(n): decrease in genitourinary tract smooth muscle contraction A patient is admitted to the hospital with signs of acute stress, including elevated heart rate, increased blood glucose, and suppressed immune function. Which three body systems are primarily responsible for coordinating this stress response? Nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. A patient experiencing chronic stress reports new-onset digestive issues and mood changes. The nurse practitioner explains that the gut microbiota may be contributing to these symptoms. Which of the following best describes how the gut microbiota influences the stress response? It modulates the intestinal barrier and communicates with the brain via the vagus nerve and signaling molecules. Sleep Physiology Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occurs in cycles approximately every 90 minutes. The NP explains that the body’s internal clock is regulated by a specific brain structure that responds to light and dark signals. Which of the following best describes this structure and its function? The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which receives light signals and regulates melatonin release via the pineal gland. Lifespan physiology question A mother of a 1-month-old infant states that the baby is sleeping about 10 hours a day. Which of the following is the most appropriate response? “That’s less than expected. Most 1-month-olds sleep between 14 to 17 hours in a 24-hour period.” An 80-year-old patient tells the nurse practitioner, “I feel fine, but I just don’t sleep like I used to. I only get about 6 hours a night.” Which of the following is the most appropriate response? “That’s normal. Sleep patterns often change with age, and many older adults sleep less at night.”