The concepts of positive and negative reinforcement were originally developed by: 

A researcher is interested in studying why adolescents who do not graduate high school have higher rates of teen pregnancy. Which goal of scientific investigation is this researcher pursuing?

Rahat reads an article stating that ice cream consumption and shark attacks are positively correlated.  She asks you whether she should decrease her ice cream intake during her next beach vacation to decrease her risk of being attacked by a shark. What advice would you give her?

A correlation of +0.5 would be considered

For which of the following is the use of Artificial Intelligence (e.g., ChapGPT, Chegg, Copilot) or any other online learning support platforms allowed in this course?  

Long Answer (20 points total) A gene in beetles affects body color: green is dominant to yellow. A true-breeding male with yellow body is crossed to a true-breeding female with green body color. All F1 offspring are green. The F1 female offspring are then crossed to true-breeding males with yellow body color. All F2 offspring are green. Below are four possible inheritance patterns. Below each one, write either “Possible” or “Not possible”. If you put “Not possible” provide one and only one explanation why it is not possible. A. (5 points) Mendelian inheritance (autosomal recessive) B. (5 points) Mendelian inheritance (autosomal dominant) C. (5 points) Maternal inheritance D. (5 points) Maternal effect

Long Answer (20 points total) Two genes in fruit flies are found on the same chromosome, which is not the X chromosome. These genes affect eye color and body color and are 17 map units apart.  A cross was made between a true-breeding fruit fly with red eyes and yellow body and a true-breeding fly with pink eyes and a gray body. All F1 offspring had red eyes and gray bodies. The F1 female offspring were then crossed to male flies with pink eyes and yellow bodies. A. (6 points) What would be the possible phenotypes of the F2 offspring? B. (7 points) What would be the phenotypes of the F2 recombinant offspring? Explain how you know this. C. (7 points) If 400 F2 offspring are born, how many would you expect to have pink eyes and a gray body?

Which of the following is considered to be a limitation to the Monitoring the Future research design?

Which of the following crimes is most likely to be reported?

Social strain theories examine how ecological conditions such as housing standards, poverty, and transient populations influence criminal activity.