The easiest way to test the bond strength of bars in a laboratory is by the pull-out test.

A 124-mm-long beam supports a load of P = 48 N at midspan. The cross section is rectangular with width b = 25 mm and height h = 40 mm. Determine the magnitude of the horizontal shear stress at the centroid of the cross section.

For a beam with stirrup hooks, the free end of the bar must extend at least _____ from the hook. Assume b = 16 in., d = 25 in., and that there are four No. 8 longitudinal tension bars and No. 4 stirrups at 10 in. o.c. The stirrup hooks are 135°.

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The shear failure of a slender beam without stirrups is _______.

When the steel ratio, ρw, is small, flexural cracks extend _______ into the beam and open _______ than would be the case with large values of ρw.

Assuming Vs exceeds 4sqrt(f’c)bwd, the maximum spacing for vertical stirrups in the following beam is _____. Let b1 = 28 in., b2 = 12 in., d1 = 8 in., and d2 = 49 in. There are three No. 8 longitudinal tension bars and No. 3 stirrups at 11 in. o.c.

Assuming Vs does not exceed 4sqrt(f’c)bwd, the maximum spacing for vertical stirrups in the following beam is _____. Let b1 = 31 in., b2 = 15 in., d1 = 4 in., and d2 = 53 in. There are three No. 7 longitudinal tension bars and No. 5 stirrups at 10 in. o.c.

If the depth of the beam varies, the compressive and tensile forces due to flexure will have vertical components.

Development length is the shortest length of bar in which the bar stress can increase from zero to the yield stress.