Keeping all characteristics (person, number, tense, mood, voice) of vocāminī constant, construct the same form for the following paradigm verbs: These forms can be found in Capita XVIII & XXI or in the forms appendix at the back of the book! agō, agere [agimini] audiō, audīre [audimini] capiō, capere [capimini] Don’t forget to add macrons! You can copy and paste letters with macrons into the word with these letters: ā ē ī ō ū

The present passive infinitive In this class so far we have only encountered one form of the infinitive, the present active infinitive (e.g. laudāre, monēre, agere, audīre, capere). The infinitive in Latin, however, can reflect both tense and voice, which means that, by the end of this course, you will have seen present, perfect, and future infinitives, in both the active and passive voices. The formation of the present passive infinitive is straightforward, with the important exception of the 3rd conjugation: 1st conjugation: laudārī, “to be praised” 2nd conjugation: monērī, “to be warned, advised” 3rd conjugation: agī, “to be led, brought” 4th conjugation: audīrī, “to be heard” 3rd conjugation i-stem: capī, “to be taken, captured” In all but one of the conjugations, the final vowel of the present active infinitive (laudāre, monēre, audīre, etc.) is replaced with an -ī (laudārī, monērī, audīrī). In both 3rd conjugation and 3rd conjugation i-stem verbs (e.g. agere, capere), however, the present passive infinitive is formed by adding the -ī directly to the present stem: agī, capī. Note that in English the present passive infinitive follows the uniform rule for the formation of the passive, where the passive participle (praised, warned, led, heard, taken) remains unchanged, and the tense and function of the verb is carried by the auxiliary verb (present infinitive: to be), hence “to be praised”, “to be warned”, etc.

Vōs igitur ā mē, Iove, ad Thessaliam vocāminī. Who is the agent in this sentence?

Legite genera dōnōrum quae laudābuntur ab omnibus quī ea vidēbunt. What is the antecedent of quae in this sentence?

Ūnus, duo, trēs… Cardinal numbers in Latin are fairly simple after the number 3, since they are all indeclinable: if we want to say four cats, five dogs, or seventeen giraffes, the numbers will not change regardless of the gender or case of the noun it is attached to. This is not the case for numbers one, two, and three. You have already seen the declension of ūnus, -a, -um, an “ūnus nauta” adjective with a distinctive genitive singular in ūnīus and dative singular in ūnī. The numbers for two and three must also be learned, as they have unusual forms. The number two, duo, duae, duo, has masculine, feminine, and neuter forms:        Masculine        Feminine        Neuter Nominative duo duae duo Genitive duōrum duārum duōrum Dative duōbus duābus duōbus Accusative duōs duās duo Ablative duōbus duābus duōbus The forms of duo, duae, duo look like a combination of 1st/2nd declension forms (like magnus, -a, -um) and 3rd declension forms. In fact, the number exhibits forms belonging to the archaic “dual” form, which is a number between singular and plural that is seen only very rarely in Latin. Unusual forms here are colored purple. The number three is trēs, tria, and has one form for the masculine and feminine genders, and a second for neuter:        Masc./Fem.        Neuter Nominative trēs tria Genitive trium trium Dative tribus tribus Accusative trēs tria Ablative tribus tribus You might notice that the forms of trēs, tria are identical to the forms of the masculine, feminine, and neuter i-stems you saw in the previous module: the masculine and feminine forms exhibit i-stem endings in the genitive plural, and the neuter forms exhibit i-stems in the nominative, accusative, and genitive plural. This number is an example of a third declension adjective, which we’ll explore further in the next module!

Vōs igitur ā mē, Iove, ad Thessaliam vocāminī. Select all the correct statements about the main verb in this sentence:

Legite genera dōnōrum quae laudābuntur ab omnibus quī ea vidēbunt. This is a surprisingly tricky sentence to parse out! First, there are three clauses: one main clause (legite genera dōnōrum) and two relative clauses (quae laudābuntur ab omnibus; quī ea vidēbunt). The antecedent of quae is either genera or dōnōrum, since both are neuter plurals. The verb in this clause is passive, and its agent is omnibus (“by all”). Then, this provides the antecedent for the next relative pronoun quī — and, on top of that, ea in the final relative clause refers back to genera dōnōrum! You might structure the sentence like this: Legite genera dōnōrum quae laudābuntur ab omnibus quī ea vidēbunt.

Ablative of time when or within which Numbers can also be useful for designating periods of time: “within three months, Rome will fall”, “in those five years, the farms flourished”, and so on. These specific uses require an “ablative of time when or within which”, which is described further in the following video:

True or false: duo, duae, duo declines like magnus, -a, -um in the plural.

Match the following systems of numerical reckoning with the correct number forms: