John is a 66 year old male who presented to the emergency department with new onset shortness of breath which began two weeks ago but has worsened over the last 24 hours. He has slept sitting up on the sofa for the past two nights. He denies chest pain or tightness, fever or chills, and had no recent sick contacts. He reports his legs have some new “swelling” and his shoes are too tight. His PMH includes HTN, Diabetes, hyperlipidemia and arthritis Medications at home are: Amlodipine 5 mg daily, Simvastatin 20 mg daily, Metformin 500 mg BID, and Naprosyn.   He has recently refilled his medications and generally takes as prescribed. You are the NP working on the internal medicine service and you get called to evaluate John. On exam you find he is awake, alert and oriented. You note he was markedly dyspneic when he ambulated 20 feet, but after returning to a chair, he is breathing comfortably at rest. His neck veins are distended. His heart rate is regular. His lungs are generally clear bilaterally but you note they are decreased at the bases. His extremities are warm but he has +2 bilateral pedal and pre-tibial pitting edema. Vital signs are: Temp 97.7, HR 98, RR 26, BP 159/82  

Dale is charged with assault in California Superior Court for a fight between him and Val in the parking lot after a sporting event.  Both Val and Dale were taken to the hospital for injuries related to the incident. While police were assessing Val’s injuries and securing the scene Val shouted “Dale attacked me first!”  Later that evening, at the hospital, Val gave a statement to a detective describing the incident in detail, again stating that Dale was the aggressor.  The detective conducted the interview as part of an ongoing investigation. Val later died from unrelated causes before trial. At trial, the prosecution offers [1] the police report containing Val’s statement at the scene and [2] the testimony of the detective who took Val’s statement at the hospital. The prosecution also offers: [3] a hospital report prepared shortly after the incident describing Dale’s injuries and stating that “Patient reports injury on hand was caused by hitting bystander multiple times while intoxicated.”  The treating doctor is unavailable. Dale calls [4] Walter, Val’s ex boyfriend, to testify that in his opinion “Val is a violent person and he saw her start fights almost every time they went out over the two years they were dating.” Discuss all evidentiary issues raised by the items at [1] through [4] above. Answer according to the California Evidence Code.

You find a four-legged animal on the shore of a pond. It has a backbone, and can breathe through its skin, but also has lungs. Its eggs are thin-walled and must be laid in the water. This organism is…

Final Exam password: done!

A species of fish can have colors ranging from light to dark, depending on their genotype. At first, the fish in a lake are mostly light-colored. However, the water gets darkened by pollution, so darker fish are now better at hiding from predators. Does this situation meet the requirements for natural selection? In your explanation, say which requirements it meets or does not meet (2-3 sentences, 3 pts.) Someone claims: “Pollution makes fish mutate in order to blend in. When a fish mutates to adapt, it passes that mutation down to its offspring.” That claim is FALSE! Explain what is wrong with it, using the terms selection, mutation, random, and non-random correctly in your answer. (3 pts)

After Philip was publicly assassinated, this 19 year old son took over as king, blamed the Persians for his murder, and led the invasion of Asia himself

Christianity spread slowly but consistently for several hundred years, primarily due to what factor?

The series of dynastic conflicts that lasted 32 years and was fought over who would control the English throne that ended with Henry Tudor’s victory over Richard III was known as the Wars of the

Prior to the development of agriculture and the building of permanent structures, a society that still moves from place to place chasing natural resources as hunter-gatherers are known by what official name?

This legendary figure in Roman history exemplified Roman virtues after voluntarily giving up power after a crisis, and became a model for many historical figures