Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. The inner-filled space is called the matrix, which contains______________ that break down carbohydrate products, releasing_______________ to be used for ATP production.

Pick the best answer. The two oxygen atoms represent what type of bond?

In water, a weak hydrogen bond occurs between a hydrogen in one molecule and which of the following:

Where and with whom, can we say that biology began as a science?

Rain falling in the northeastern United States has a pH of approximately 4.5. What is the pOH of the rainwater?

Give the four small units and the larger units of organic molecules. Give an example of each and what it does.

A 69-year-old woman with chronic kidney disease presents with fatigue and palpitations. Labs: K⁺ 6.5 mEq/L (normal 3.5–5.0), ECG shows peaked T waves. Which mechanism explains her hyperkalemia?

A 55-year-old woman presents with muscle weakness and mental status changes. Labs: sodium 124 mEq/L (normal 135–145), serum osmolarity low. Which mechanism explains her confusion?

A 45-year-old man presents two weeks after kidney transplant with rising creatinine and graft tenderness. Which immune mechanism explains this?

A 71-year-old man with chronic kidney disease presents with edema and shortness of breath. Which mechanism best explains his volume overload?