Which of the following procedures were used in Seligman’s learned helplessness studies?

Odds ratios are commonly used because case-control studies

Which variables are statistically significantly associated with obesity at the 0.05 level? Sex [sex] Screen time [screen] Fruit/vegetable intake [fruits]

How did Herrmann et al.’s (2007) study provide support for the social intelligence hypothesis?

A case-control study with cases selected from the hospital and controls selected from active military duty will be at risk of

Suppose a screening test for HIV is performed in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. HIV is more prevalent in the latter. Relatively speaking, the test in East Asia will have lower

Selection bias is typically a bigger problem in case-control studies than cohort studies.

In a programmed learning text, the earliest quizzes contain many explicit hints which guarantee making a correct response, while later quizzes contain fewer and fewer hints. This is an example of ____________ procedures.

In ____________, an animal produces food like behaviors toward a stimulus that predicts food.

Which strategy is NOT a way to control confounding in the design phase?