The withdrawal of gas, fluids, and semi-solids from body cavities and hollow viscera by means of suction with an aspirator and a trocar is called

A client with end-stage renal disease receives a kidney transplant from a donor with closely matched immune characteristics. The nurse explains that matching reduces but does not eliminate the risk of rejection. Which long-term treatment is generally required?

A client with severe renal failure is started on hemodialysis. The nurse explains that blood passes along a selectively permeable membrane while dialysis fluid remains on the opposite side. Which process removes metabolic waste products from the blood?

A nursing student compares central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The instructor explains that both disorders cause polyuria but differ in their underlying mechanism. Which statement is correct?

A client presents with sudden severe pain radiating from the flank toward the groin. Urinalysis reveals blood, and imaging confirms a stone moving through the ureter. What causes the hematuria?

A client asks why alcohol consumption often causes increased urination. The nurse explains that alcohol affects hormonal control of water conservation rather than acting as a therapeutic diuretic. Which mechanism produces this effect?

A client with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is concerned about the risk to future children. The nurse explains that only one affected allele is needed for the disorder to be inherited. If one parent carries the affected allele, what is the chance that each child will inherit the disorder?

A client exercising outdoors on a hot, humid day becomes weak, dizzy, and nauseated. The skin is cool and wet from heavy sweating, and the client is tachycardic with a decreased blood pressure. Which condition is most consistent with these findings?

A client reports increasing difficulty seeing at night and has a diet lacking vegetables and vitamin-rich foods. The nurse recognizes that vitamin A is necessary for synthesis of rhodopsin in the retina. Which manifestation is most consistent with vitamin A deficiency?

A client has obesity primarily concentrated around the abdomen and upper body. The nurse explains that fat distribution can be clinically important even when two clients have similar body mass indexes. Which risk is associated with upper-body obesity?